Microarray based multiplex pathogen analysis and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided herein is a dual amplification method for identifying plant pathogens by analysis of pathogen DNA in an unpurified nucleic acid sample from the plant. Pathogen-specific and/or plant-specific primers are used to generate a first set of amplicons that are further amplified in a second amplification step using fluorescent tagged pathogen-specific primers. Fluorescent amplicons thus generated are hybridized with pathogen-specific nucleic acid probes that are immobilized on a solid support using bifunctional polymer linkers. The hybridized microarray is imaged to obtain fluorescent images of the amplicons and the nucleic acid probes, which are superimposed to detect the pathogen present in the plant. Also described herein is a method to identify a plant by analysis of plant DNA and a method to simultaneously detect both plant DNA and pathogen DNA in a single assay.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of pending application U.S. Ser. No. 16/158,181, filed Oct. 11, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of pending application U.S. Ser. No. 15/916,036, filed Mar. 8, 2018, which is a continuation-In-part under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of pending non-provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 15/388,561, filed Dec. 22, 2016, which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 62/271,371, filed Dec. 28, 2015, all of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present disclosure is in the technical field of DNA based pathogen and plant analysis. More particularly, the present disclosure is in the technical field of pathogen analysis for plant, agriculture, food and water material using a multiplex assay and a 3-dimensional lattice microarray technology for immobilizing nucleic acid probes.

Description of the Related Art

Current techniques used to identify microbial pathogens rely upon established clinical microbiology monitoring. Pathogen identification is conducted using standard culture and susceptibility tests. These tests require a substantial investment of time, effort, cost as well as labile products. Current techniques are not ideal for testing large numbers samples. Culture-based testing is fraught with inaccuracies which include both false positives and false negatives, as well as unreliable quantification of colony forming units (CFUs). There are issues with the presence of viable but non-culturable microorganisms which do not show up using conventional culture methods. Certain culture tests are non-specific in terms of detecting both harmful and harmless species which diminishes the utility of the test to determine if there is a threat present in the sample being tested.

In response to challenges including false positives and culturing of microorganisms, DNA-based diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification techniques were developed. To analyze a pathogen using PCR, DNA is extracted from a material prior to analysis, which is a time-consuming and costly step.

In an attempt to eliminate the pre-analysis extraction step of PCR, Colony PCR was developed. Using cells directly from colonies from plates or liquid cultures, Colony PCR allows PCR of bacterial cells without sample preparation. This technique was a partial success but was not as sensitive as culture indicating a possible issue with interference of the PCR by constituents in the specimens. Although this possible interference may not be significant enough to invalidate the utility of the testing performed, such interference can be significant for highly sensitive detection of pathogens for certain types of tests. Consequently, Colony PCR did not eliminate the pre-analysis extraction step for use of PCR, especially for highly sensitive detection of pathogens.

It is known that 16s DNA in bacteria and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) locus in yeast or mold DNA can be PCR amplified, and once amplified can be analyzed to provide information about the specific bacteria or specific mold or yeast contamination in or on plant material. Further, for certain samples such as blood, fecal matter and others, PCR may be performed on the DNA in such samples absent any extraction of the DNA. However, for blood it is known that the result of such direct PCR is prone to substantial sample to sample variation due to inhibition by blood analytes. Additionally, attempts to perform direct PCR analysis on plant matter have generally been unsuccessful, due to heavy inhibition of PCR by plant constituents.

Over time, additional methods and techniques were developed to improve on the challenges of timely and specific detection and identification of pathogens. Immuno-assay techniques provide specific analysis. However, the technique is costly in the use of chemical consumables and has a long response time. Optical sensor technologies produce fast real-time detection but such sensor lack identification specificity as they offer a generic detection capability as the pathogen is usually optically similar to its benign background. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) technique is capable of amplification and detection of a DNA sample in less than an hour. However, qPCR is largely limited to the analysis of a single pathogen. Consequently, if many pathogens are to be analyzed concurrently, as is the case with plant, agriculture, food and water material, a relatively large number of individual tests are performed in parallel.

Biological microarrays have become a key mechanism in a wide range of tools used to detect and analyze DNA. Microarray-based detection combines DNA amplification with the broad screening capability of microarray technology. This results in a specific detection and improved rate of process. DNA microarrays can be fabricated with the capacity to interrogate, by hybridization, certain segments of the DNA in bacteria and eukaryotic cells such as yeast and mold. However, processing a large number of PCR reactions for downstream microarray applications is costly and requires highly skilled individuals with complex organizational support. Because of these challenges, microarray techniques have not led to the development of downstream applications.

It is well known that DNA may be linked to a solid support for the purposes of DNA analysis. In those instances, the surface-associated DNA is generally referred to as the “Oligonucleotide probe” (nucleic acid probe, DNA probe) and its cognate partner to which the probe is designed to bind is referred to as the Hybridization Target (DNA Target). In such a device, detection and-or quantitation of the DNA Target is obtained by observing the binding of the Target to the surface bound Probe via duplex formation, a process also called “DNA Hybridization” (Hybridization).

Nucleic acid probe linkage to the solid support may be achieved by non-covalent adsorption of the DNA directly to a surface as occurs when a nucleic acid probe adsorbs to a neutral surface such as cellulose or when a nucleic acid probe adsorbs to cationic surface such as amino-silane coated glass or plastic. Direct, non-covalent adsorption of nucleic acid probes to the support has several limitations. The nucleic acid probe is necessarily placed in direct physical contact with the surface thereby presenting steric constraints to its binding to a DNA Target as the desired (bound) Target-Probe complex is a double helix which can only form by wrapping of the Target DNA strand about the bound Probe DNA: an interaction which is fundamentally inhibited by direct physical adsorption of the nucleic acid probe upon the underlying surface.

Nucleic acid probe linkage may also occur via covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probe to a surface. This can be induced by introduction of a reactive group (such as a primary amine) into the Probe then covalent attachment of the Probe, through the amine, to an amine-reactive moiety placed upon the surface: such as an epoxy group, or an isocyanate group, to form a secondary amine or a urea linkage, respectively. Since DNA is not generally reactive with epoxides or isocyanates or other similar standard nucleophilic substitutions, the DNA Probe must be first chemically modified with “unnatural” ligands such as primary amines or thiols. While such chemistry may be readily implemented during oligonucleotide synthesis, it raises the cost of the DNA Probe by more than a factor of two, due to the cost associated with the modification chemistry. A related UV crosslinking based approach circumvents the need for unnatural base chemistry, wherein Probe DNA can be linked to the surface via direct UV crosslinking of the DNA, mediated by photochemical addition of thymine within the Probe DNA to the amine surface to form a secondary amine adduct. However, the need for high energy UV for efficient crosslinking results in substantial side reactions that can damage the nucleic acid probe beyond use. As is the case for adsorptive linkage, the covalent linkages possible between a modified nucleic acid probe and a reactive surface are short, in the order of less than 10 rotatable bonds, thereby placing the nucleic acid probe within 2 nm of the underlying surface. Given that a standard nucleic acid probe is >20 bases in length (>10 nm long) a Probe/linker length ratio >10/1 also provides for destabilizing inhibition of the subsequent formation of the desired Target-Probe Duplex.

Previous Attempts at addressing these problems have not met with success. Attachment of nucleic acid probes to surfaces via their entrapment into a 3-Dimensional gel phase such as that created by polymerizing acrylamide and polysaccharides among others have been problematic due to the dense nature of the gel phases. While the pore size (about 10 nm) in these gels permit entrapment and/or attachment of the nucleic acid probes within the gel, the solution-phase DNA Target, which is typically many times longer than the nucleic acid probe, is blocked from penetrating the gel matrix thereby limiting use of these gel phase systems due to poor solution-phase access to the Target DNA. Furthermore

Thus, the prior art is deficient in systems and methods for detecting and identifying pathogen DNA, which uses fewer chemical and labile products, reduces processing steps and provides faster results while maintaining accuracy, specificity and reliability. The prior art is also deficient in methods to determine absolute copy numbers of pathogen-specific DNA in an unpurified nucleic acid sample comprising a multiplicity of pathogens. The present invention fulfills this long-standing need and desire in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method for detecting the presence of one or more pathogens in a plant sample. The method comprises performing a first amplification of pathogen DNA on an unpurified complex nucleic acid sample followed by a second fluorescent labeling amplification step using the first amplification products as template to obtained fluorescent labeled amplicons. These are hybridized on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system comprising fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers and unmodified hybridization probes corresponding to sequence determinants in a plurality of pathogens. A multi-color fluorescent image of the microarray is analyzed to detect and identify the pathogen present in the plant sample. The present invention is also directed to a method for identifying plant attributes and to identify the plant by repeating the amplification, hybridization and imaging steps described above for the plant DNA using fluorescent labeled hybridization probes that correspond to sequence determinants in a plurality of plants.

The present invention is further directed to a method for detecting pathogen DNA and plant DNA and identifying the pathogen and plant in a plant sample in a single assay. The method comprises performing a first amplification step on an unpurified complex nucleic acid sample comprising plant DNA and pathogen DNA, followed by a second fluorescent labeling amplification step using the first amplification products as template to obtained fluorescent labeled pathogen and plant-specific amplicons. These amplicons are hybridized to a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system comprising fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers and unmodified hybridization probes corresponding to sequence determinants in a plurality of pathogens and plants. A multi-color fluorescent image of the microarray is analyzed to detect and identify the pathogen and plant present in the sample.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the embodiments of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawing, wherein:

FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate a covalent microarray system comprising probes and bifunctional labels printed on an activated surface. FIG. 1A shows the components—unmodified nucleic acid probe, amine-functionalized (NH) bifunctional polymer linker and amine-functionalized (NH) fluorescently labeled bifunctional polymer linker in a solvent comprising water and a high boiling point water-miscible liquid, and a solid support with chemically activatable groups (X). FIG. 1B shows the first step reaction of the bifunctional polymer linker with the chemically activated solid support where the bifunctional polymer linker becomes covalently attached by the amine groups to the chemically activated groups on the solid support. FIG. 1C shows the second step of concentration via evaporation of water from the solvent to increase the concentration of the reactants—nucleic acid probes and bifunctional polymer linker. FIG. 1D shows the third step of UV crosslinking of the nucleic acid probes via thymidine base to the bifunctional polymer linker within evaporated surface, which in some instances also serves to covalently link adjacent bifunctional polymeric linkers together via crosslinking to the nucleic acid Probe.

FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate an adsorptive microarray system comprising probes and bifunctional polymeric linkers. FIG. 2A shows the components; unmodified nucleic acid probe and functionalized (R_(n)) bifunctional polymer linker and similarly functionalized fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linker in a solvent comprising water and a high boiling point water-miscible liquid, and a solid support, wherein the R_(n) group is compatible for adsorbing to the solid support surface. FIG. 2B shows the first step adsorption of the bifunctional polymer linker on the solid support where the bifunctional polymer linkers become non-covalently attached by the R_(n) groups to the solid support. FIG. 2C shows the second step of concentration via evaporation of water from the solvent to increase the concentration of the reactants—Nucleic acid probes and bifunctional polymer linker. FIG. 2D shows the third step of UV crosslinking of the nucleic acid probes via thymidine base to the bifunctional polymer linker and other nucleic acid probes within the evaporated surface which in some instances also serves to covalently link adjacent bifunctional polymeric linkers together via crosslinking to the nucleic acid Probe.

FIGS. 3A-3C show experimental data using the covalent microarray system. In this example of the invention the bifunctional polymeric linker was a chemically modified 40 base long oligo deoxythymidine (OligodT) having a CY5 fluorescent dye attached at its 5′ terminus and an amino group attached at its 3′ terminus, suitable for covalent linkage with a borosilicate glass solid support which had been chemically activated on its surface with epoxysilane. The nucleic acid probes comprised unmodified DNA oligonucleotides, suitable to bind to the solution state target, each oligonucleotide terminated with about 5 to 7 thymidines, to allow for photochemical crosslinking with the thymidines in the top domain of the polymeric (oligodT) linker.

FIG. 3A shows an imaged microarray after hybridization and washing, as visualized at 635 nm. The 635 nm image is derived from signals from the (red) CY5 fluor attached to the 5′ terminus of the bifunctional polymer linker (OligodT) which had been introduced during microarray fabrication as a positional marker in each microarray spot.

FIG. 3B shows a microarray imaged after hybridization and washing as visualized at 532 nm. The 532 nm image is derived from signals from the (green) CY3 fluor attached to the 5′ terminus of PCR amplified DNA obtained during PCR Reaction #2 of a DNA containing sample.

FIG. 3C shows an imaged microarray after hybridization and washing as visualized with both the 532 nm and 635 nm images superimposed. The superimposed images display the utility of parallel attachment of a CY5-labelled OligodT positional marker relative to the sequence specific binding of the CY3-labelled PCR product.

FIG. 4A is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed within the 16s locus (all bacteria) to be used to PCR amplify unpurified bacterial contamination obtained from Cannabis wash and related plant wash. These PCR primers are used to amplify and dye label DNA from such samples for bacterial analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIG. 4B is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed within the stx1 locus (pathogenic E. coli) to be used to PCR amplify unpurified bacterial contamination obtained from Cannabis wash and related plant wash. These PCR primers are used to amplify and dye label DNA from such samples for bacterial analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIG. 5A is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed as a two stage PCR reaction within the stx2 locus (pathogenic E. coli) to be used to PCR amplify unpurified bacterial contamination obtained from Cannabis wash and related plant wash. These PCR primers are used to amplify and dye label DNA from such samples for bacterial analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIG. 5B is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed within the invA locus (Salmonella) to be used to PCR amplify unpurified bacterial contamination obtained from Cannabis wash and related plant wash. These PCR primers are used to amplify and dye label DNA from such samples for bacterial analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed within the tuf locus (E. coli) to be used to PCR amplify unpurified bacterial contamination obtained from Cannabis wash and related plant wash. These PCR primers are used to amplify and dye label DNA from such samples for bacterial analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed within the ITS2 locus (yeast and mold) to be used to PCR amplify unpurified yeast, mold and fungal contamination obtained from Cannabis wash and related plant wash. These PCR primers are used to amplify and dye label DNA from such samples for yeast and mold analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed within the ITS1 locus (Cannabis Plant Control) to be used to PCR amplify unpurified DNA obtained from Cannabis wash. These PCR primers are used to amplify and dye label DNA from such samples for DNA analysis via microarray hybridization. This PCR reaction is used to generate an internal plant host control signal, via hybridization, to be used to normalize bacterial, yeast, mold and fungal signals obtained by microarray analysis on the same microarray.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of unpurified Cannabis wash or other surface sampling from Cannabis (and related plant material) so as to PCR amplify the raw Cannabis or related plant material, and then to perform microarray analysis on that material so as to analyze the pathogen complement of those plant samples

FIG. 10 is a representative image of the microarray format used to implement the nucleic acid probes. This representative format comprises 12 microarrays printed on a glass slide, each separated by a Teflon divider (left). Each microarray queries the full pathogen detection panel in quadruplicate. Also, shown is a blow-up (right) of one such microarray for the analysis of pathogens in Cannabis and related plant materials. The Teflon border about each microarray is fit to localize about 504 fluid sample for hybridization analysis where fluorescent labeled amplicons and placed onto the microarray for 30 min at room temperature, followed by washing at room temperature then microarray image scanning of the dye-labelled pathogen and host Cannabis DNA.

FIGS. 11A-11B shows representative microarray hybridization data obtained from purified bacterial DNA standards (FIG. 11A) and purified fungal DNA standards (FIG. 11B). In each case, the purified bacterial DNA is PCR amplified as though it were an unpurified DNA, then hybridized on the microarray via the microarray probes described above. The data show that in this microarray format, each of the bacteria can be specifically identified via room temperature hybridization and washing. Similarly, the purified fungal DNA is PCR amplified as though it were an unpurified DNA, then hybridized on the microarray via the microarray probes described above. The data show that in this microarray format, each of the fungal DNAs can be specifically identified via room temperature hybridization and washing.

FIG. 12 shows representative microarray hybridization data obtained from 5 representative raw Cannabis wash samples. In each case, the raw pathogen complement of these 5 samples is PCR amplified, then hybridized on the microarray via the microarray probes described above. The data show that in this microarray format, specific bacterial, yeast, mold and fungal contaminants can be specifically identified via room temperature hybridization and washing.

FIG. 13 shows representative microarray hybridization data obtained from a representative raw Cannabis wash sample compared to a representative (raw) highly characterized, candida samples. In each case, the raw pathogen complement of each sample is PCR amplified, then hybridized on the microarray via the microarray probes described above. The data show that in this microarray format, specific fungal contaminants can be specifically identified via room temperature hybridization and washing on either raw Cannabis wash or cloned fungal sample.

FIG. 14 shows a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed in a variation of an embodiment for low level detection of Bacteria in the Family Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli. These PCR primers are used to selectively amplify and dye label DNA from targeted organisms for analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIG. 15A is a graphical representation of microarray hybridization data demonstrating low level detection of E. coli O157:H7 from certified reference material consisting of enumerated colonies of specified bacteria spiked onto Humulus lupulus, (Hop plant).

FIG. 15B is a graphical representation of microarray hybridization data demonstrating low level detection of E. coli O1111 from certified reference material consisting of enumerated colonies of specified bacteria spiked onto Humulus lupulus, (Hop plant).

FIG. 15C is a graphical representation of microarray hybridization data demonstrating low level detection of Salmonella enterica from certified reference material consisting of enumerated colonies of specified bacteria spiked onto Humulus lupulus, (Hop plant).

FIG. 16 shows diagrams for sample collection and preparation from two methods. Both the tape pull and wash method are used to process samples to provide a solution for microbial detection via microarray analysis.

FIG. 17A is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers used to PCR amplify unpurified bacterial contamination in a Cannabis wash or related plant wash. Two sets of PCR primers are used. The first set of forward primer (FP) and reverse primer (RP) support a “Locus PCR” step wherein amplification of bacterial recombinant DNA (rDNA) is based on the 16s locus present in all bacteria. The second set of primers support a “Labeling PCR” step wherein the primers are dye labeled and specific to the bacteria of interest. The two PCR steps in this invention differs from FIGS. 4A and 4B in the addition of a known copy number of a synthetic DNA sequence to the sample, as an internal reference standard, prior to performing the first PCR wherein, the synthetic DNA sequence is distinguishable from the bacterial sequences in the sample and have end sequences complementary to the sequence in the FP and the RP, so that the synthetic DNA sequence is co-amplified with the bacterial sequence in the sample.

FIG. 17B is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers used to PCR amplify unpurified bacterial contamination in a Cannabis wash or related plant wash. Two sets of PCR primers are used. The first set of forward primer (FP) and reverse primer (RP) support a “Locus PCR” step wherein amplification of bacterial genomic DNA (DNA) is based on the 16s locus present in all bacteria. The second set of primers support a “Labeling PCR” step wherein the primers are dye labeled and specific to the bacteria of interest. The two PCR steps in this invention differs from FIGS. 4A and 4B in the addition of a known copy number of a synthetic DNA sequence to the sample, as an internal reference standard, prior to performing the first PCR wherein, the synthetic DNA sequence is distinguishable from the bacterial sequences in the sample and have end sequences complementary to the sequence in the FP and the RP, so that the synthetic DNA sequence is co-amplified with the bacterial sequence in the sample.

FIG. 18 is a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers used to PCR amplify unpurified eukaryotic (e.g. yeast or mold) contamination in a Cannabis wash or related plant wash. Two sets of PCR primers are used. The first set of forward primer (FP) and reverse primer (RP) support a “Locus PCR” step wherein amplification of the eukaryotic DNA is based on the ITS2 locus present in all eukaryotes. The second set of primers support a “Labeling PCR” step wherein the primers are dye labeled and specific to the eukaryotes of interest. The two PCR steps in this invention differs from FIGS. 4A and 4B in the addition of a known copy number of a synthetic DNA sequence to the sample, as an internal reference standard, prior to performing the first PCR wherein, the synthetic DNA sequence is distinguishable from the eukaryotic sequences in the sample and have end sequences complementary to the sequence in the FP and the RP, so that the synthetic DNA sequence is co-amplified with the eukaryotic sequence in the sample.

FIG. 19A illustrates results of a microarray analysis of Aspergillus lysate varied to deliver approximately 0 to 30,000 copies of ITS2 per PCR reaction performed using known amounts of Total Yeast and Mold Quantitative Control (TYM Quant Control) as the internal reference standard. The point of crossover (arrow) between the titration curves for Aspergillus (unknown copy number) and the TYM internal reference standard (known copy number) reveals the copy number of Aspergillus DNA in the sample.

FIG. 19B illustrates results of a microarray analysis of Saccharomyces lysate varied to deliver approximately 0 to 30,000 calculated copies of ITS2 region per PCR reaction performed using known amounts of TYM Quant Control as the internal reference standard. The point of crossover (arrow) between the titration curves for Saccharomyces (unknown copy number) and the TYM internal reference standard (known copy number) reveals the copy number of Saccharomyces DNA in the sample.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment of this invention, there is provided a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system for screening a sample for the presence of a multiplicity of DNA. The system comprises a chemically activatable solid support, a bifunctional polymer linker and a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed to identify sequence determinants in plant, animal or pathogen DNA.

In this embodiment, the solid support may be made of any suitable material known in the art including but not limited to borosilicate glass, a thermoplastic acrylic resin such as poly(methylmethacrylate-VSUVT (PMMA-VSUVT), a cycloolefin polymers such as ZEONOR® 1060R, metals including, but not limited to gold and platinum, plastics including, but not limited to polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, nylon, ceramics including, but not limited to TiO₂, and Indium tin oxide (ITO) and engineered carbon surfaces including, but not limited to graphene. The solid support has a front surface and a back surface and may be activated on the front surface with suitable chemicals which include but are not limited to epoxysilane, isocyanate, succinimide, carbodiimide, aldehyde and maleimide. These are well known in the art and one of ordinary skill in this art would be able to readily functionalize any of these supports as desired. In a preferred embodiment, the solid support is epoxysilane functionalized borosilicate glass support.

In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker has a top domain and a bottom end. On the bottom end is attached a first reactive moiety that allows covalent attachment to the chemically activatable groups in the solid support. Examples of first reactive moieties include but are not limited to an amine group, a thiol group and an aldehyde group. Preferably, the first reactive moiety is an amine group. On the top domain of the bifunctional polymer linker is provided a second reactive moiety that allows covalent attachment to the oligonucleotide probe. Examples of second reactive moieties include but are not limited to nucleotide bases like thymidine, adenine, guanine, cytidine, uracil and bromodeoxyuridine and amino acid like cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine glycine, serine, tryptophan, cystine, methionine, histidine, arginine and lysine. The bifunctional polymer linker may be an oligonucleotide such as OligodT, an amino polysaccharide such as chitosan, a polyamine such as spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine, a polyamino acid, with a lysine or histidine, or any other polymeric compounds with dual functional groups which can be attached to the chemically activatable solid support on the bottom end, and the nucleic acid probes on the top domain. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is OligodT having an amine group at the 5′ end.

In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker may be unmodified. Alternatively, the bifunctional polymer linker has a color or fluorescent label attached covalently. Examples of fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to the fluorescent dyes CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, ALEXA FLUOR® 647, CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547, or ALEXA FLUOR® 550. These may be attached to any reactive group including but not limited to, amine, thiol, aldehyde, sugar amido and carboxy on the bifunctional polymer linker. The chemistries of such reactive groups are well known in the art and one or ordinary skill can readily identify a suitable group on a selected bifunctional polymer linker for attaching the fluorescent label. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is CY5-labeled OligodT having an amino group attached at its 3′ terminus for covalent attachment to an activated surface on the solid support.

Also in this embodiment, the present invention provides a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed with the purpose of identifying sequence determinants in plants, animals or pathogens. The nucleic acid probes are synthetic oligonucleotides and have terminal thymidine bases at their 5′ and 3′ end. The thymidine bases permit covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker by any standard coupling procedures including but not limited to chemical, photochemical and thermal coupling. Preferably, covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker is by photochemical means using ultraviolet light.

In this embodiment, the fluorescent label (fluorescent tag) attached to the bifunctional polymer linker is beneficial since it allows the user to image and detect the position of the individual nucleic acid probes (“spot”) printed on the microarray. By using two different fluorescent labels, one for the bifunctional polymer linker and the second for the amplicons generated from the DNA being queried, the user can obtain a superimposed image that allows parallel detection of those nucleic acid probes which have been hybridized with amplicons. This is advantageous since it helps in identifying the plant or pathogen comprised in the sample using suitable computer and software, assisted by a database correlating nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence with a known DNA signature in plants, animals or pathogens. Any emitter/acceptor fluorescent label pairs known in the art may be used. For example, the bifunctional polymer linker may be labeled with emitters such as CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, or ALEXA FLUOR® 647, while the amplicons may be labeled with acceptors such as CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547, or ALEXA FLUOR® 550. Preferably, the emitter is CY5 and the acceptor is CY3.

In another embodiment of this invention, there is provided a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system for screening a sample for the presence of a multiplicity of DNA. The system comprises a solid support, a fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linker and a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed to identify sequence determinants in plant, animal or pathogen DNA. In another aspect of this embodiment, there is provided a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system for quantitative screening of a sample for copy number of one or more types of DNA. The system comprises a bifunctional polymer linker, a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed to detect copy number of sequence determinants in plant, animal or pathogen DNA and, nucleic acid probes designed to detect copy number of an internal reference standard comprising a known copy number of synthetic DNA. The synthetic DNA has a central region with a nucleotide sequence distinct from signature sequence determinants in the unknown DNA being queried, and 5′ and 3′ ends sequences substantially identical to a consensus sequence in the unknown DNA. Such consensus sequences include but are not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 152 and 153. Such a structure for the synthetic DNA permits amplification of the synthetic DNA by the same pair of PCR primers used to amplify the hypervariable region of the unknown DNA being queried. Examples of such synthetic DNA which may be employed include but is not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 154-157.

Further in this embodiment, the solid support may be made of any suitable material known in the art including but not limited to borosilicate glass, a thermoplastic acrylic resin such as poly(methylmethacrylate-VSUVT (PMMA-VSUVT), a cycloolefin polymers such as ZEONOR® 1060R, metals including, but not limited to gold and platinum, plastics including, but not limited to polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, nylon, ceramics including, but not limited to TiO₂, and Indium tin oxide (ITO) and engineered carbon surfaces including, but not limited to graphene. The solid support has a front surface and a back surface and may be activated on the front surface with suitable chemicals which include but are not limited to epoxysilane, isocyanate, succinimide, carbodiimide, aldehyde and maleimide. These are well known in the art and one of ordinary skill in this art would be able to readily functionalize any of these supports as desired. In a preferred embodiment, the solid support is epoxysilane functionalized borosilicate glass support.

In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker has a top domain and a bottom end. On the bottom end is attached a first reactive moiety that allows covalent attachment to the chemically activatable groups in the solid support. Examples of first reactive moieties include but are not limited to an amine group, a thiol group and an aldehyde group. Preferably, the first reactive moiety is an amine group. On the top domain of the bifunctional polymer linker is provided a second reactive moiety that allows covalent attachment to the oligonucleotide probe. Examples of second reactive moieties include but are not limited to nucleotide bases like thymidine, adenine, guanine, cytidine, uracil and bromodeoxyuridine and amino acid like cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine glycine, serine, tryptophan, cystine, methionine, histidine, arginine and lysine. The bifunctional polymer linker may be an oligonucleotide such as OligodT, an amino polysaccharide such as chitosan, a polyamine such as spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine, a polyamino acid, with a lysine or histidine, or any other polymeric compounds with dual functional groups which can be attached to the chemically activatable solid support on the bottom end, and the nucleic acid probes on the top domain. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is OligodT having an amine group at the 5′ end.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker is unmodified. Alternatively, the bifunctional polymer linker has a color or fluorescent label attached covalently. Examples of fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to the fluorescent dyes CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, ALEXA FLUOR® 647, CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547, or ALEXA FLUOR® 550. These may be attached to any reactive group including but not limited to, amine, thiol, aldehyde, sugar amido and carboxy on the bifunctional polymer linker. The chemistries of such reactive groups are well known in the art and one or ordinary skill can readily identify a suitable group on a selected bifunctional polymer linker for attaching the fluorescent label. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is CY5-labeled OligodT having an amino group attached at its 3′ terminus for covalent attachment to an activated surface on the solid support.

Also, in this embodiment, the present invention provides a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed with the purpose of quantitating copy number of sequence determinants in plants, animals or pathogens and, nucleic acid probes designed to detect an internal reference standard comprising a known copy number of synthetic DNA. The nucleic acid probes are synthetic oligonucleotides and have terminal thymidine bases at their 5′ and 3′ end. The thymidine bases permit covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker by any standard coupling procedures including but not limited to chemical, photochemical and thermal coupling. Preferably, covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker is by photochemical means using ultraviolet light.

In this embodiment, the fluorescent label (fluorescent tag) attached to the bifunctional polymer linker is beneficial since it allows the user to image and detect the position of the individual nucleic acid probes (“spot”) printed on the microarray. By using two different fluorescent labels, one for the bifunctional polymer linker and the second for the amplicons generated from the DNA being queried, the user can obtain a superimposed image that allows parallel detection of those nucleic acid probes which have been hybridized with amplicons. Furthermore, by using two different fluorescent labels, one for the bifunctional polymer linker and the second for the amplicons generated, one can quantitate copy number of the DNA being queried. This feature is advantageous since it allows; identification of the plant or pathogen comprised in the sample using suitable computer and software, assisted by a database correlating nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence with a known DNA signature in plants, animals or pathogens; and in addition, quantification of the copy number of the plant and/or pathogen DNA identified. Any emitter/acceptor fluorescent label pairs known in the art may be used for imaging and analysis. For example, the bifunctional polymer linker may be labeled with emitters such as CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, or ALEXA FLUOR® 647, while the amplicons may be labeled with acceptors such as CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547, or ALEXA FLUOR® 550. Preferably, the emitter is CY5 and the acceptor is CY3.

In another embodiment of this invention, there is provided a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system for screening a sample for the presence of a multiplicity of DNA. The system comprises a solid support, a fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linker and a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed to identify sequence determinants in plant, animal or pathogen DNA.

In this embodiment, the solid support has a front surface and a back surface. The front surface has non-covalent adsorptive properties for specific functionalized group(s) present in the fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linker (described below). Examples of such solid support include, but are not limited to borosilicate glass, SiO2, metals including, but not limited to gold and platinum, plastics including, but not limited to polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, nylon, ceramics including, but not limited to TiO₂, and Indium tin oxide (ITO) and engineered carbon surfaces including, but not limited to graphene.

In this embodiment, the fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linker has a top domain and a bottom end. On the bottom end is attached one or more functional groups (designated by “R_(n)”) that are compatible for non-covalent adsorptive attachment with the front surface of the solid support. Examples of compatible R groups include, but are not limited to, single stranded nucleic acids (example, OligodT), amine-polysaccharide (example, chitosan), extended planar hydrophobic groups (example, digoxigenin, pyrene, CY5 dye).

Further in this embodiment, on the top domain of the bifunctional polymer linker is provided a second reactive moiety that allows covalent attachment to the oligonucleotide probe. Examples of second reactive moieties include but are not limited to nucleotide bases like thymidine, adenine, guanine, cytidine, uracil and bromodeoxyuridine and amino acid like cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine glycine, serine, tryptophan, cystine, methionine, histidine, arginine and lysine. To the bottom end of the bifunctional polymer linker may be attached polymeric molecules including, but not limited to an oligonucleotide such as OligodT, an amino polysaccharide such as chitosan, a polyamine such as spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine, a polyamino acid, with a lysine or histidine, or OligodT that is modified at its 5′ end with a digoxigenin, a pyrene or CY5 or any other polymeric molecules with or without chemical modification suitable for non-covalent attachment to the solid support. On the top domain of these bifunctional polymer linkers is attached, the nucleic acid probes. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is OligodT.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker is unmodified. Alternatively, the bifunctional polymer linker may be a fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linker. The fluorescent label may be, but is not limited to the fluorescent dyes CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, ALEXA FLUOR® 647, CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547, or ALEXA FLUOR® 550 attached to any reactive group including but not limited to, amine, thiol, aldehyde, sugar amido and carboxy on the bifunctional polymer linker. The chemistries of such reactive groups are well known in the art and one or ordinary skill can readily identify a suitable group on a selected bifunctional polymer linker for attaching the fluorescent label. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is CY5-labeled OligodT.

Also, in one aspect of this embodiment, the present invention provides a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed with the purpose of identifying sequence determinants in plants, animals or pathogens. In another aspect of this embodiment, there is additionally provided nucleic acid probes that identify sequence determinants in a synthetic DNA added as an internal reference standard to the unpurified sample being queried (see below in the embodiments comprising the claimed methods) with the purpose of quantitating a DNA copy number for the identified plants, animals or pathogens. In either embodiment, the nucleic acid probes are synthetic oligonucleotides and have terminal thymidine bases at their 5′ and 3′ end. The thymidine bases permit covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker by any standard coupling procedures including but not limited to chemical, photochemical and thermal coupling. Preferably, covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker is by photochemical means using ultraviolet light.

Further in this embodiment, the fluorescent label (fluorescent tag) attached to the bifunctional polymer linker is beneficial since it allows the user to image and detect the position of the individual nucleic acid probes (“spot”) printed on the microarray. By using two different fluorescent labels, one for the bifunctional polymer linker and the second for the amplicons generated from the DNA being queried, the user can obtain a superimposed image that allows parallel detection of those nucleic acid probes which have been hybridized with amplicons. This is advantageous since it helps in identifying the plant or pathogen comprised in the sample using suitable computer and software, assisted by a database correlating nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence with a known DNA signature in plants, animals or pathogens. Additionally, by using two different fluorescent labels, one for the bifunctional polymer linker and the second for the amplicons generated from the unknown DNA and the internal reference standard (synthetic DNA, which is added to the sample), one can quantitate copy number of the DNA being queried. This feature is advantageous since it allows; identification of the plant or pathogen comprised in the sample using suitable computer and software, assisted by a database of signature sequence determinants for correlating nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence to identify the plants, animals or pathogens; and in addition, quantification of the copy number of the plant and/or pathogen DNA identified.

Any emitter/acceptor fluorescent label pairs known in the art may be used. For example, the bifunctional polymer linker may be labeled with emitters such as CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, or ALEXA FLUOR® 647, while the amplicons may be labeled with acceptors such as CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547, or ALEXA FLUOR® 550. Preferably, the emitter is CY5 and the acceptor is CY5.

In yet another embodiment of this invention, there is provided a method for fabricating a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system for the purpose of screening a sample for the presence of a multiplicity of DNA in a sample. The method comprises, contacting a solid support with a formulation comprising a plurality of nucleic acid probes, a plurality of fluorescent bifunctional polymer linkers and a solvent mixture comprising water and a high boiling point, water-miscible liquid, allowing a first attachment between the fluorescent bifunctional polymer linkers and the solid support to proceed, evaporating the water in the solvent mixture thereby concentrating the nucleic acid probes and fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers, allowing a second attachment between the nucleic acid probes and the fluorescent bifunctional polymer linker, and washing the solid support with at least once to remove unattached fluorescent bifunctional polymer linkers and nucleic acid probes.

In this embodiment, the contacting step is achieved by standard printing methods known in the art including, but not limited to piezo-electric printing, contact printing, ink jet printing and pipetting, which allow a uniform application of the formulation on the activated support. For this, any suitable solid support known in the art including but not limited to borosilicate glass, a polycarbonate, a graphene, a gold, a thermoplastic acrylic resin such as poly(methylmethacrylate-VSUVT (PMMA-VSUVT) and a cycloolefin polymer such as ZEONOR® 1060R may be employed.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the first attachment of the bifunctional polymer linker to the solid support is by non-covalent means such as by adsorption or electrostatic binding. In this case, the bifunctional polymer linkers with one or more functional groups (designated by “R_(n)”) on the bottom end, that are compatible for attachment with the front surface of the solid support will be used. Examples of compatible R groups include, but are not limited to, single stranded nucleic acids (example, OligodT), amine-polysaccharide (example, chitosan), extended planar hydrophobic groups (example, digoxigenin, pyrene, CY5 dye). In another aspect of this embodiment, the first attachment of the bifunctional polymer linker to the solid support is by covalent coupling between chemically activatable groups on the solid support and a first reactive moiety on the bottom end of the bifunctional polymer linker. Suitable chemicals including but are not limited to epoxysilane, isocyanate, succinimide, carbodiimide, aldehyde and maleimide may be used for activating the support. These are well known in the art and one of ordinary skill in this art would be able to readily functionalize any of these supports as desired. In a preferred embodiment, a borosilicate glass support that is epoxysilane functionalized is used. Examples of first reactive moieties amenable to covalent first attachment include, but are not limited to an amine group, a thiol group and an aldehyde group. Preferably, the first reactive moiety is an amine group.

In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker has a second reactive moiety attached at the top domain. Examples of second reactive moieties include but are not limited to nucleotide bases like thymidine, adenine, guanine, cytidine, uracil and bromodeoxyuridine and amino acid like cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine glycine, serine, tryptophan, cystine, methionine, histidine, arginine and lysine. Preferably, the second reactive moiety is thymidine. In this aspect of the invention, the bifunctional polymer linker may be an oligonucleotide such as OligodT, an amino polysaccharide such as chitosan, a polyamine such as spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine, a polyamino acid, with a lysine or histidine, or any other polymeric compounds with dual functional groups which can be attached to the chemically activatable solid support on the bottom end, and the nucleic acid probes on the top domain. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is OligodT having an amine group at the 5′ end.

In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linkers are modified with a fluorescent label. Examples of fluorescent labels include but are not limited to the fluorescent dyes CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, ALEXA FLUOR® 647, CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547 and ALEXA FLUOR® 550 attached to any reactive group including but not limited to, amine, thiol, aldehyde, sugar amido and carboxy on the bifunctional polymer linker. The chemistries of such reactive groups are well known in the art and one or ordinary skill can readily identify a suitable group on a selected bifunctional polymer linker for attaching the fluorescent label. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker used for fabricating the microarray is CY5-labeled OligodT.

The method of fabricating the microarray requires use of a solvent mixture comprising water and a water-miscible liquid having a boiling point above 100° C. This liquid may be any suitable water-miscible liquid with a boiling point higher than that of water, so that all the solvent is not lost during the evaporation step. This allows the molecular reactants—nucleic acid probes and bifunctional linkers to be progressively concentrated during evaporation. Such controlled evaporation is crucial to the present invention since it controls the vertical spacing between nucleic acid probes their avoiding steric hindrance during the hybridization steps thereby improving accuracy and precision of the microarray. Examples of high boiling point water-miscible solvent include but are not limited to glycerol, DMSO and propanediol. The ratio or water to high boiling point solvent is kept between 10:1 and 100:1 whereby, in the two extremes, upon equilibrium, volume of the fluid phase will reduce due to water evaporation to between 1/100th and 1/10^(th) of the original volume, thus giving rise to a 100-fold to 10-fold increase in reactant concentration. In a preferred embodiment, the water-miscible solvent is propanediol and the water to propanediol ratio is 100:1.

Further in this embodiment, the nucleic acid probes used in the method of microarray fabrication are designed with terminal thymidine bases at their 5′ and 3′ end. The thymidine bases permit covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker by any standard coupling procedures including but not limited to chemical, photochemical and thermal coupling during the fabrication process. Preferably, coupling of the nucleic acid probes to the fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers is by photochemical covalent crosslinking.

In yet another embodiment of this invention, there is provided a customizable microarray kit. The kit comprises a solid support, a plurality of fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers, nucleic acid probes and a solvent mixture comprising water and one or more of a water-miscible liquid having a boiling point above 100° C., and instructions to use the kit. Each of the components comprising this kit may be individually customized prior to shipping based on the goals of the end user.

In this embodiment, the solid support has a front surface and a back surface and made of any suitable material known in the art including but not limited to borosilicate glass, a polycarbonate, a graphene, a gold, a thermoplastic acrylic resin such as poly(methylmethacrylate-VSUVT (PMMA-VSUVT) and a cycloolefin polymer such as ZEONOR® 1060R.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the solid support is unmodified and has properties capable of non-covalent attachment to groups in the bifunctional polymer linker. Alternatively, the solid support is activated on the front surface with chemically activatable groups which include but are not limited to epoxysilane, isocyanate, succinimide, carbodiimide, aldehyde and maleimide. These are well known in the art and one of ordinary skill in this art would be able to readily functionalize any of these supports as desired. In a preferred embodiment, the solid support is epoxysilane functionalized borosilicate glass support.

In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker has a top domain and a bottom end. In one aspect of this embodiment, to the bottom end of the bifunctional polymer linker are attached one or more functional groups (designated by “R_(n)”), which are compatible for attachment with the front surface of the solid support in a non-covalent binding. Examples of such compatible R groups include, but are not limited to, single stranded nucleic acids (example, OligodT), amine-polysaccharide (example, chitosan), extended planar hydrophobic groups (example, digoxigenin, pyrene, CY5 dye). Alternatively, to the bottom end of the bifunctional polymer linker are attached a first reactive moiety that allows covalent attachment to chemically activatable groups in the solid support. Examples of first reactive moieties include but are not limited to an amine group, a thiol group and an aldehyde group. Preferably, the first reactive moiety is an amine group.

Further in this embodiment, on the top domain of the bifunctional polymer linker is provided a second reactive moiety that allows covalent attachment to the oligonucleotide probe. Examples of second reactive moieties include but are not limited to nucleotide bases like thymidine, adenine, guanine, cytidine, uracil and bromodeoxyuridine and amino acid like cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine glycine, serine, tryptophan, cystine, methionine, histidine, arginine and lysine. The bifunctional polymer linker may be an oligonucleotide such as OligodT, an amino polysaccharide such as chitosan, a polyamine such as spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine, a polyamino acid, with a lysine or histidine, or any other polymeric compounds with dual functional groups for attachment to the solid support from the bottom end, and the nucleic acid probes from the top domain.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linkers are modified with a fluorescent label. Alternatively, the bifunctional polymer linker may be a fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linker where the fluorescent label is either of CY5, DYLIGHT™ DY647, ALEXA FLUOR® 647, CY3, DYLIGHT™ DY547, or ALEXA FLUOR® 550 attached to any reactive group including but not limited to, amine, thiol, aldehyde, sugar amido and carboxy on the bifunctional polymer linker. The chemistries of such reactive groups are well known in the art and one or ordinary skill can readily identify a suitable group on a selected bifunctional polymer linker for attaching the fluorescent label. Preferably, the bifunctional polymer linker is CY5-labeled OligodT.

Also in this embodiment, the present invention provides a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed with the purpose of identifying sequence determinants in plants, animals or pathogens. The nucleic acid probes are synthetic oligonucleotides and have terminal thymidine bases at their 5′ and 3′ end. The thymidine bases permit covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker by any standard coupling procedures including but not limited to chemical, photochemical and thermal coupling. Preferably, covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker is by photochemical means using ultraviolet light. In an alternative aspect of this embodiment, the present invention provides a plurality of nucleic acid probes designed with the purpose of identifying sequence determinants in plants, animals or pathogens and, a synthetic DNA internal reference standard, which is added to the sample to quantitate DNA copy number for the sequence determinants in plants, animals or pathogens. The synthetic DNA has a central region with a nucleotide sequence distinct from signature sequence determinants in the unknown DNA being queried, and 5′ and 3′ ends sequences substantially identical to a consensus sequence in the unknown DNA. Such consensus sequences include but are not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 152 and 153. Such a structure for the synthetic DNA permits amplification of the synthetic DNA by the same pair of PCR primers used to amplify the hypervariable region of the unknown DNA being queried. Examples of such synthetic DNA which may be employed include but is not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 154-157. In either of these embodiment, the nucleic acid probes are synthetic oligonucleotides and have terminal thymidine bases at their 5′ and 3′ end. The thymidine bases permit covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker by any standard coupling procedures including but not limited to chemical, photochemical and thermal coupling. Preferably, covalent attachment of the nucleic acid probes to the bifunctional polymer linker is by photochemical means using ultraviolet light.

In yet another embodiment of this invention there is provided a method for detecting the presence of one or more pathogens in a plant sample. In this embodiment, the pathogen may be a human pathogen, an animal pathogen or a plant pathogen, such as a bacterium, a fungus, a virus, a yeast, algae or a protozoan or a combination thereof. These pathogens may be present as constituents of the soil, soilless growth media, hydroponic growth media or water in which the plant sample was grown. The method comprises harvesting the pathogens from the plant sample, isolating total nucleic acids comprising pathogen DNA, performing a first amplification for generating one or more amplicons from the one or more pathogens present in the sample in a single, simultaneous step; performing a labeling amplification using as template, the one or more amplicons generated in the first amplification step to generate fluorescent labeled second amplicons; hybridizing the second amplicons with the nucleic acid probes immobilized on the fabricated self-assembled, 3-dimensional lattice microarray described above and imaging the microarray to detect the fluorescent signal, which indicates presence of the one or more pathogens in a plant sample. In this embodiment, the pathogens present on the plant surface may be harvested by washing the plant with water to recover the pathogens, followed by concentrating by filtration on a sterile 0.4 μm filter. In another aspect of this embodiment, pathogens within the plant tissue may be harvested by fluidizing the plant tissue sample and pathogens, followed by centrifuging to get a pellet of plant cells and pathogen cells. In either embodiment, the harvested sample is disrupted to release the total nucleic acids which is used in the subsequent steps without further purification.

Also in this embodiment, the sample comprising nucleic acids from pathogens (external pathogens) or nucleic acids from both pathogens and plant (internal pathogens) is used to perform a first amplification of pathogen DNA using pathogen-specific first primer pairs to obtain one or more pathogen-specific first amplicons. Any DNA amplification methodology, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can selectively amplify the DNA complement in the sample may be employed. In a preferred embodiment, the amplification is by PCR. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-12. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13-16. An aliquot of first amplicons so generated is used as template for a second, labelling PCR amplification using fluorescent labeled second primer pairs. The second primer pairs are designed to amplify an internal flanking region in the one or more first amplicons to obtain one or more first fluorescent labeled second amplicons. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 19-30. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 31-34.

Further in this embodiment, the fluorescent labeled second amplicons are hybridized on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system having a plurality of nucleic acid probes as described in detail above. In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker has a fluorescent label (that is different from the label on the second amplicon) attached whereby, imaging the microarray after hybridization and washing results in two distinct fluorescent signals—the signal from the fluorescent bifunctional polymer linker which is covalently linked to the nucleic acid probe during fabrication, which would be detected in each spot comprised in the microarray, and a second amplicon signal that would be detected only in those spots where the nucleic acid probe sequence is complementary to the second amplicon (originally derived by amplification from the pathogen DNA in the sample). Thus, superimposing the two images using a computer provides beneficial attributes to the system and method claimed in this invention since one can readily identify the plant or pathogen comprised in the sample from a database that correlates nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence with a known DNA signature in plants or pathogens. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterial nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 37-85, and fungal nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 86-125 may be used for this purpose.

Further to this embodiment is a method for detecting plant DNA. The plant may be a terrestrial plant such as a Humulus or a Cannabis, an aquatic plant, an epiphytic plant or a lithophytic plant that grows in soil, soilless media, hydroponic growth media or water. In a preferred aspect, the plant is a Cannabis. This method comprises the steps of performing an amplification on an unpurified complex nucleic acid sample using plant-specific first primer pairs to generate plant-specific first amplicons. In one aspect of this embodiment, the first primer pair has sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 17-18. Any DNA amplification methodology, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can selectively amplify the DNA complement in the sample may be employed. Preferably the amplification is by PCR. The first amplicons so generated are used as template for a labeling amplification step using fluorescent labeled second primer pairs that are designed to amplify an internal flanking region in the one or more of first amplicons generated in the first amplification step to generate one or more first fluorescent labeled second amplicons. In one embodiment, the second primer pair has sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 35-36. The second amplicons are hybridized on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system having a plurality of plant-specific nucleic acid probes, and the microarrays imaged and analyzed as described above for identifying pathogen DNA. In one aspect of this embodiment, the hybridization nucleic acid probes have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 126-128.

In yet another embodiment of this invention, there is provided a method for simultaneously detecting resident pathogen DNA and plant DNA in a plant sample in a single assay. In this embodiment, the pathogen may be a human pathogen, an animal pathogen or a plant pathogen, which may be a bacterium, a fungus, a virus, a yeast, algae or a protozoan or a combination thereof. These pathogens may be present as constituents of the soil, soilless growth media, hydroponic growth media or water in which the plant sample was grown. The plant may be a terrestrial plant such as a Humulus or a Cannabis, an aquatic plant, an epiphytic plant or a lithophytic plant that grows in soil, soilless media, hydroponic growth media or water. Preferably, the plant is a Cannabis.

In this embodiment, the method comprises harvesting a plant tissue sample potentially comprising one or more pathogens, fluidizing the plant tissue sample and the one or more pathogens and isolating total nucleic acids comprising DNA from at least the plant tissue and DNA from the one or more pathogens. In one aspect of this embodiment, the step of isolating total nucleic acids comprises centrifuging the fluidized sample to get a pellet of plant cells and pathogen cells which are disrupted to release the total nucleic acids, which are used in the subsequent steps without further purification.

Further in this embodiment, a first amplification is performed on the unpurified total nucleic acid sample using one or more of a first primer pair each selective for the one or more pathogen DNA and one or more of a second primer pair selective for the plant DNA to generate one or more pathogen-specific first amplicons and one or more plant-specific second amplicons. Any DNA amplification methodology, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can selectively amplify the DNA complement in the sample may be employed. In a preferred embodiment, the amplification is by PCR. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-12. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13-16. In either of these embodiments, the plant-specific second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 35-36. An aliquot of the first and second amplicons so generated is used as a template for a second, labeling PCR amplification step using fluorescent labeled third primer pairs having a sequence complementary to an internal flanking region in the one or more pathogen-specific first amplicons and fluorescent labeled fourth primer pairs having a sequence complementary to an internal flanking region in the one or more plant-specific second amplicons. Any DNA amplification methodology, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can selectively amplify the DNA complement in the sample may be employed. In a preferred embodiment, the amplification is by PCR. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the third primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 19-30. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the third primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 31-34. In either of these embodiments, the plant-specific fourth primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 35-36. The labeling PCR step results in generation of first fluorescent labeled third amplicons and second fluorescent labeled fourth amplicons corresponding to the pathogen and plant DNA respectively in the original harvested sample. These amplicons are then hybridized on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system having a plurality of nucleic acid probes specific to sequence determinants in pathogen DNA or plant DNA. Bacterial nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 37-85, fungal nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 86-125 and plant nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 126-128, may be used for this purpose. After hybridization, unhybridized amplicons are removed by washing and the microarray imaged. Detection of the first fluorescent labeled third amplicon signal indicates presence of pathogens in the plant sample. Detecting the second fluorescent labeled fourth amplicon indicates presence of the plant DNA. Superimposing these two signals with the third fluorescent signal from the fluorescent bifunctional polymer linker-coupled nucleic acid probes allow simultaneous identification of the pathogen and plant in the sample by correlating nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence with a known DNA signature in plants or pathogens. These features provide beneficial attributes to the system and method claimed in this invention.

In yet another embodiment of this invention there is provided a method for both detecting the presence of one or more pathogens and quantitating the copy number of pathogen DNA and plant DNA in a plant sample by introducing a known copy number of a synthetic DNA sequence as an internal reference standard to the plant sample. In this embodiment, the pathogen may be a human pathogen, an animal pathogen or a plant pathogen, such as a bacterium, a fungus, a virus, a yeast, algae or a protozoan or a combination thereof. These pathogens may be present as constituents of the soil, soilless growth media, hydroponic growth media or water in which the plant sample was grown. The method comprises harvesting the pathogens from the plant sample, isolating total nucleic acids comprising pathogen DNA, performing a first amplification for generating one or more amplicons from the one or more pathogens present in the sample in a single, simultaneous step; performing a labeling amplification using as template, the one or more amplicons generated in the first amplification step to generate fluorescent labeled second amplicons; hybridizing the second amplicons with the nucleic acid probes immobilized on the fabricated self-assembled, 3-dimensional lattice microarray described above and imaging the microarray to detect the fluorescent signal, which indicates presence of the one or more pathogens in a plant sample. In this embodiment, the pathogens present on the plant surface may be harvested by washing the plant with water to recover the pathogens, followed by concentrating by filtration on a sterile 0.4 μm filter. In another aspect of this embodiment, pathogens within the plant tissue may be harvested by fluidizing the plant tissue sample and pathogens, followed by centrifuging to get a pellet of plant cells and pathogen cells. In either embodiment, the harvested sample is disrupted to release the total nucleic acids which is used in the subsequent steps without further purification.

In this embodiment, the synthetic DNA has a central region with a nucleotide sequence distinct from signature sequence determinants in the unknown DNA being queried, and 5′ and 3′ ends sequences substantially identical to a consensus sequence in the unknown DNA. Such consensus sequences include but are not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 152 and 153. Such a structure for the synthetic DNA permits amplification of the synthetic DNA by the same pair of PCR primers used to amplify the hypervariable region of the unknown DNA being queried. Examples of such synthetic DNA which may be employed include but is not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 154 (fungus) and 155-157 (bacteria).

Also in this embodiment, a known copy number of a synthetic DNA is added to the sample comprising nucleic acids from pathogens (external pathogens) or nucleic acids from both pathogens and plant (internal pathogens) and a first amplification is performed using pathogen-specific first primer pairs to obtain one or more pathogen-specific first amplicons and synthetic DNA specific second amplicons. Any DNA amplification methodology, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can selectively amplify the DNA complement in the sample may be employed. In a preferred embodiment, the amplification is by PCR. Any suitable first amplification primer pairs may be used for this purpose and one of skill in this art can easily design these primers based on the pathogen of interest. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2, or SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4, or SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6 or SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8, or SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10, or SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12, or SEQ ID NOS: 137 and 138. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 14, or SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 16, or SEQ ID NOS: 135 and 136. An aliquot of first and second amplicons so generated is used as template for a second, labelling PCR amplification using fluorescent labeled second primer pairs. The second primer pairs are designed to amplify an internal flanking region in the one or more pathogen DNA-specific first amplicons and the synthetic DNA-specific second amplicons to obtain one or more first fluorescent labeled third amplicons and first fluorescent labeled fourth amplicons. Any suitable second amplification primer pairs may be used for this purpose and one of skill in this art can easily design these primers based on the pathogen of interest. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 19 and 20, or SEQ ID NOS: 21 and 22, or SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24 or SEQ ID NOS: 25 and 26, or SEQ ID NOS: 27 and 28, or SEQ ID NOS: 29 and 30, or SEQ ID NOS: 141 and 30. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 31 and 32, or SEQ ID NOS: 33 and 34, or SEQ ID NOS: 139 and 140.

Further in this embodiment, the fluorescent labeled second amplicons are hybridized on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system having a plurality of nucleic acid probes specific to pathogen or synthetic DNA specific amplicons as described in detail above. Any suitable nucleic acid probes may be used for this purpose and one of skill in this art can easily design them based on the pathogen of interest. In one embodiment, the bacterial nucleic acid probes have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 37-85 and the synthetic DNA has sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 155, SEQ ID NO: 156 corresponding respectively to synthetic DNA specific nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143 and SEQ ID NO: 144. In another embodiment, the fungal nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 86-125, the synthetic DNA has sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 154 that corresponds to synthetic DNA specific nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 145.

In this embodiment, the bifunctional polymer linker has a fluorescent label (that is different from the label on the second amplicon) attached whereby, imaging the microarray after hybridization and superimposing the image results in two fluorescent signals—the signal from the fluorescent bifunctional polymer linker which is covalently linked to the nucleic acid probe during fabrication, which would be detected in each spot comprised in the microarray, and the signal from fluorescent labeled third and fourth amplicons corresponding to pathogen and synthetic DNA respectively and which would be detected only in those positions (spots) where the nucleic acid probe sequence is complementary to the pathogen specific third amplicon (originally derived by amplification from the pathogen DNA in the sample) and synthetic DNA specific fourth amplicon. Thus, superimposing the signals using a computer provides beneficial attributes to the system and method claimed in this invention since one can readily identify the plant or pathogen comprised in the sample from a database that correlates nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence with a known DNA signature in plants or pathogens. Further to this embodiment, the relative fluorescence intensities (RFU) from the microarray image corresponding to fluorescent pathogen DNA-specific amplicons, fluorescent plant DNA-specific amplicons are analyzed and mathematically correlated with fluorescence intensity for the synthetic DNA-specific amplicons and the known copy number for the synthetic DNA added to the sample, to determine copy numbers of the pathogen DNA and plant DNA in the sample, the mathematical correlation being; C _(n) /C _(o) =P(S _(n) /S _(o))^(x) where,  Equation #1

C_(n)=the number of microbial DNA copies of each type (n) present in the original sample mixture added to the first of two tandem PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis.

C_(o)=the number of known synthetic DNA copies (internal reference standard) added to the first of two PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis. C_(o) may be set at any value including but not limited to 100, 500, 3,000 and 5,000 depending on the range of unknown microbial copies which might be encountered. In a preferred embodiment C_(o)=3000.

S_(n)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the nth microbial species, followed by image analysis.

S_(o)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the synthetic DNA species, followed by image analysis.

X=a complex exponential factor which defines the functional relationship between the Experimental Microarray Data Ratio (S_(n)/S_(o)) to the underlying ratio of microbial DNA copies vs synthetic DNA standard copies present in the original sample (C_(n)/C_(o)). X may be a linear function or exponential or related functional form or a constant which is itself a function of amplification parameters and conditions of microarray analysis and imaging. In one aspect, X is an exponential factor ranging from about 1 to about 3.

P=A constant which relates the Experimental Microarray Data ratio (S_(n)/S_(o)) to the concentration of amplified PCR product which binds to the microarray. In one aspect, P may range from about 0.1 to about 10.

In yet another embodiment of this invention, there is provided a method for simultaneously detecting and quantitating resident pathogen DNA and plant DNA in a plant sample in a single assay by introducing a known copy number of a synthetic DNA sequence as an internal reference standard to the plant sample. In this embodiment, the pathogen may be a human pathogen, an animal pathogen or a plant pathogen, which may be a bacterium, a fungus, a virus, a yeast, algae or a protozoan or a combination thereof. These pathogens may be present as constituents of the soil, soilless growth media, hydroponic growth media or water in which the plant sample was grown. The plant may be a terrestrial plant such as a Humulus or a Cannabis, an aquatic plant, an epiphytic plant or a lithophytic plant that grows in soil, soilless media, hydroponic growth media or water. Preferably, the plant is a Cannabis.

In this embodiment, the method comprises harvesting a plant tissue sample potentially comprising one or more pathogens, fluidizing the plant tissue sample and the one or more pathogens and isolating total nucleic acids comprising DNA from at least the plant tissue and DNA from the one or more pathogens. In one aspect of this embodiment, the step of isolating total nucleic acids comprises centrifuging the fluidized sample to get a pellet of plant cells and pathogen cells which are disrupted to release the total nucleic acids, which are used in the subsequent steps without further purification. To this unpurified total nucleic acid sample is added a known copy number of synthetic DNA. The synthetic DNA has a central region with a nucleotide sequence distinct from signature sequence determinants in the unknown DNA being queried, and 5′ and 3′ ends sequences substantially identical to a consensus sequence in the unknown DNA. Such consensus sequences include but are not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 152 and 153. Such a structure for the synthetic DNA permits amplification of the synthetic DNA by the same pair of PCR primers used to amplify the hypervariable region of the unknown DNA being queried. Examples of such synthetic DNA which may be employed include but is not limited to the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 154 (fungus) and 155-157 (bacteria).

Further in this embodiment, a first amplification is performed on the unpurified total nucleic acid sample using one or more of a first primer pair selective for the pathogen DNA and the synthetic DNA and one or more of a second primer pair selective for the plant DNA to generate one or more pathogen-specific first amplicons and one or more plant-specific second amplicons and synthetic DNA-specific third amplicons. Any DNA amplification methodology, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can selectively amplify the DNA complement in the sample may be employed. In a preferred embodiment, the amplification is by PCR. Any suitable first amplification primer pairs may be used for this purpose and one of skill in this art can easily design these primers based on the pathogen and plant of interest. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2, or SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4, or SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6 or SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8, or SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10, or SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12, or SEQ ID NOS: 137 and 138. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the first primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 14, or SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 16, or SEQ ID NOS: 135 and 136. In either of these embodiments, the plant-specific second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 17 and 18. An aliquot of the first, second, and third amplicons so generated is used as a template for a second, labeling PCR amplification step using a first fluorescent labeled third primer pairs having a sequence complementary to an internal flanking region in the first amplicons and third amplicons and second fluorescent labeled fourth primer pairs having a sequence complementary to an internal flanking region in the one or more plant-specific second amplicons to obtain pathogen DNA-specific first fluorescent labeled fourth amplicons, plant DNA-specific second fluorescent labeled fifth amplicons and synthetic DNA-specific first fluorescent labeled sixth amplicons. Any DNA amplification methodology, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can selectively amplify the DNA complement in the sample may be employed. In a preferred embodiment, the amplification is by PCR. Any suitable second amplification primer pairs may be used for this purpose and one of skill in this art can easily design these primers based on the pathogen and plant of interest. In one embodiment, the pathogen is a bacterium and the second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 19 and 20, or SEQ ID NOS: 21 and 22, or SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24 or SEQ ID NOS: 25 and 26, or SEQ ID NOS: 27 and 28, or SEQ ID NOS: 29 and 30, or SEQ ID NOS: 141 and 30. In another embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus and the second primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 31 and 32, or SEQ ID NOS: 33 and 34, or SEQ ID NOS: 139 and 140. In either of these embodiments, the plant-specific fourth primer pairs have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 35-36.

Further in this embodiment, the fourth, fifth and sixth amplicons are then hybridized on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray system having a plurality of nucleic acid probes specific to sequence determinants in pathogen DNA, plant DNA or synthetic DNA. Any suitable nucleic acid probes may be used for this purpose and one of skill in this art can easily design them based on the pathogen of interest. In one embodiment, the bacterial nucleic acid probes have sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 37-85 and the synthetic DNA has sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 155, SEQ ID NO: 156 corresponding respectively to synthetic DNA specific nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 143 and SEQ ID NO: 144. In another embodiment, the fungal nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 86-125, the synthetic DNA has sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 154 that corresponds to synthetic DNA specific nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 145. In either embodiment, plant nucleic acid probes having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 126-128. In this embodiment, the nucleic acid probes are attached to the microarray via a third fluorescent label bifunctional polymer linker has a (third fluorescent label is different from the first and second fluorescent label on the amplicons). Thereby, imaging of the hybridized amplicons on the microarray gives fluorescent signals—the third fluorescent signal from the nucleic acid probes that are attached to the bifunctional polymer linker, first fluorescent signal from the hybridized pathogen-specific fourth, and synthetic DNA-specific sixth amplicons and second fluorescent signal from the hybridized plant-specific fifth amplicons. Superimposing each of the first and second fluorescent third signals with the third fluorescent signal from the nucleic acid probe using a computer provides beneficial attributes to the system and method claimed in this invention since one can readily identify the plant or pathogen comprised in the sample from a database that correlates nucleic acid probe sequence and microarray location of this sequence with a known DNA signature in plants or pathogens. Further to this embodiment, the relative fluorescence intensities (RFU) from the microarray image corresponding to fluorescent pathogen DNA-specific amplicons, fluorescent plant DNA-specific amplicons are analyzed and mathematically correlated with fluorescence intensity for the synthetic DNA-specific amplicons and the known copy number for the synthetic DNA added to the sample, to determine copy numbers of the pathogen DNA and plant DNA in the sample, the mathematical correlation being; C _(n) /C _(o) =P(S _(n) /S _(o))^(x) where,  Equation #1

C_(n)=the number of microbial DNA copies of each type (n) present in the original sample mixture added to the first of two tandem PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis.

C_(o)=the number of known synthetic DNA copies (internal reference standard) added to the first of two PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis. C_(o) may be set at any value including but not limited to 100, 500, 3,000 and 5,000 depending on the range of unknown microbial copies which might be encountered. In a preferred embodiment C_(o)=3000.

S_(n)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the nth microbial species, followed by image analysis.

S_(o)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the synthetic DNA species, followed by image analysis.

X=a complex exponential factor which defines the functional relationship between the Experimental Microarray Data Ratio (S_(n)/S_(o)) to the underlying ratio of microbial DNA copies vs synthetic DNA standard copies present in the original sample (C_(n)/C_(o)). X may be a linear function or exponential or related functional form or a constant which is itself a function of amplification parameters and conditions of microarray analysis and imaging. In one aspect, X is an exponential factor ranging from about 1 to about 3.

P=A constant which relates the Experimental Microarray Data ratio (S_(n)/S_(o)) to the concentration of amplified PCR product which binds to the microarray. In one aspect, P may range from about 0.1 to about 10.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure there is provided a method for DNA based pathogen analysis. The embodiments of the present disclosure use DNA amplification methodologies, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests that can selectively amplify the DNA complement of that plant material using unpurified plant and pathogen material. The embodiments are also based on the use of aforementioned PCR-amplified DNA as the substrate for microarray-based hybridization analysis, wherein the hybridization is made simple because the nucleic acid probes used to interrogate the DNA of such pathogens are optimized to function at room temperature. This enables the use of the above-mentioned microarray test at ambient temperature, thus bypassing the prior art requirement that testing be supported by an exogenous temperature-regulating device.

The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion. One skilled in the art will appreciate readily that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those objects, ends and advantages inherent herein. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art.

Example 1

Fabrication of 3-Dimensional Lattice Microarray Systems

The present invention teaches a way to link a nucleic acid probe to a solid support surface via the use of a bifunctional polymeric linker. The nucleic acid probe can be a PCR amplicon, synthetic oligonucleotides, isothermal amplification products, plasmids or genomic DNA fragment in a single stranded or double stranded form. The invention can be sub-divided into two classes, based on the nature of the underlying surface to which the nucleic acid probe would be linked.

Covalent Microarray System with Activated Solid Support

The covalent attachment of any one of these nucleic acid probes does not occur to the underlying surface directly, but is instead mediated through a relatively long, bi-functional polymeric linker that is capable of both chemical reaction with the surface and also capable of efficient UV-initiated crosslinking with the nucleic acid probe. The mechanics of this process is spontaneous 3D self assembly and is illustrated in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1D. As seen in FIG. 1A, the components required to fabricate this microarray system are:

(a) an unmodified nucleic acid probe 3 such as an oligonucleotide, PCR or isothermal amplicon, plasmid or genomic DNA;

(b) a chemically activatable surface 1 with chemically activatable groups (designated “X”) compatible for reacting with a primary amine such as, epoxysilane, isocyanate, succinimide, carbodiimide, aldehyde.

(c) bifunctional polymer linkers 2 such as a natural or modified OligodT, amino polysaccharide, amino polypeptide suitable for coupling to chemically activatable groups on the support surface, each attached with a fluorescent label 4; and

(d) a solvent comprising water and a high boiling point, water-miscible liquid such as glycerol, DMSO or propanediol (water to solvent ratio between 10:1 and 100:1).

Table 1 shows examples of chemically activatable groups and matched reactive groups on the bifunctional polymer linker for mere illustration purposes only and does not in any way preclude use of other combinations of matched reactive pairs.

TABLE 1 Covalent Attachment of Bifunctional Polymeric Linker to an Activated Surfaces Activated Surface Matched Reactive Group Specific Implementation as Bifunctional Moiety on Bifunctional Linker polymeric linker Epoxysilane Primary Amine (1) Amine-modified OligodT (20-60 bases) (2) Chitosan (20-60 subunits) (3) Lysine containing polypeptide (20-60aa) EDC Activated Primary Amine (4) Amine-modified OligodT (20-60 bases) Carboxylic Acid (5) Chitosan (20-60 subunits) (6) Lysine containing polypeptide (20-60aa) N-hydroxysuccinimide Primary Amine (7) Amine-modified OligodT (20-60 bases) (NHS) (8) Chitosan (20-60 subunits) (9) Lysine containing polypeptide (20-60aa)

When used in the present invention, the chemically activatable surface, bifunctional polymer linkers and unmodified nucleic acid probes are included as a solution to be applied to a chemically activated surface 4 by ordinary methods of fabrication used to generate DNA Hybridization tests such as contact printing, piezo electric printing, ink jet printing, or pipetting.

Microarray fabrication begins with application of a mixture of the chemically activatable surface, bifunctional polymer linkers and unmodified nucleic acid probes to the surface. The first step is reaction and covalent attachment of the bifunctional linker to the activated surface (FIG. 1B). In general, the chemical concentration of the bi-functional linker is set to be such that less than 100% of the reactive sites on the surface form a covalent linkage to the bi-functional linker. At such low density, the average distance between bi-functional linker molecules defines a spacing denoted lattice width (“LW” in FIG. 1B).

In the second step, the water in the solvent is evaporated to concentrate the DNA and bifunctional linker via evaporation of water from the solvent (FIG. 1C). Generally, use of pure water as the solvent during matrix fabrication is disadvantageous because water is quickly removed by evaporation due to a high surface area/volume ratio. To overcome this, in the present invention, a mixture of water with a high boiling point water-miscible solvent such as glycerin, DMSO or propanediol was used as solvent. In this case, upon evaporation, the water component will evaporate but not the high boiling point solvent. As a result, molecular reactants—DNA and bifunctional linker are progressively concentrated as the water is lost to evaporation. In the present invention, the ratio or water to high boiling point solvent is kept between 10:1 and 100:1. Thus, in the two extreme cases, upon equilibrium, volume of the fluid phase will reduce due to water evaporation to between 1/100th and 1/10^(th) the original volume, thus giving rise to a 100-fold to 10-fold increase in reactant concentration. Such controlled evaporation is crucial to the present invention since it controls the vertical spacing (Vertical Separation, “VG” in FIG. 1C) between nucleic acid probes, which is inversely related to the extent of evaporative concentration.

In the third step, the terminal Thymidine bases in the nucleic acid probes are UV crosslinked to the bifunctional linker within the evaporated surface (FIG. 1D). This process is mediated by the well-known photochemical reactivity of the Thymidine base that leads to the formation of covalent linkages to other thymidine bases in DNA or photochemical reaction with proteins and carbohydrates. If the bifunctional crosslinker is OligodT, then the crosslinking reaction will be bi-directional, that is, the photochemistry can be initiated in either the nucleic acid probe or the bifunctional OligodT linker. On the other hand, if the bifunctional linker is an amino polysaccharide such as chitosan or a polyamino acid, with a lysine or histidine in it, then the photochemistry will initiate in the nucleic acid probe, with the bifunctional linker being the target of the photochemistry.

Microarray System with Unmodified Solid Support for Non-Covalent Attachment

In this microarray system, attachment of the nucleic acid probes does not occur to the underlying surface directly, but is instead mediated through a relatively long, bi-functional polymeric linker that binds non-covalently with the solid support, but covalently with the nucleic acid probes via UV-initiated crosslinking. The mechanics of this process is spontaneous 3D self assembly and is illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2D. As seen in FIG. 2A, the components required to fabricate this microarray system are:

-   -   (1) an unmodified nucleic acid probe 3 such as an         oligonucleotide, PCR or isothermal amplicon, plasmid or genomic         DNA;     -   (2) an unmodified solid support 1     -   (3) bifunctional polymer linkers 2 such as OligodT or a amino         polysaccharide, amino polypeptide, that inherently have or are         modified to have functional groups (designated “R”) compatible         for adsorptive binding to the solid support, each having a         fluorescent label 4; and     -   (4) a solvent comprising water and a high boiling point,         water-miscible liquid such as glycerol, DMSO or propanediol         (water to solvent ratio between 10:1 and 100:1);

TABLE 2 Non-Covalent Attachment of Bi-Functional Polymeric Linker to an Inert Surface Representative Matched Adsorptive Group Specific Bifunctional support surface on Bifunctional Linker (R_(n)) polymeric linker glass Single Stranded Nucleic OligodT (30-60 bases) Acid > 10 bases glass Amine-Polysaccharide Chitosan (30-60 subunits) glass Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. Digoxigenin 5′-Digoxigenin polycarbonate Single Stranded Nucleic Oligo-dT (30-60 bases) Acid > 10 bases polycarbonate Amine-Polysaccharide Chitosan (30-60 subunits) polycarbonate Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. Digoxigenin 5′-Digoxigenin graphene Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. pyrene 5′pyrene graphene Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. CY-5 dye 5′-CY-5 dye graphene Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. Digoxigenin 5′-Digoxigenin gold Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. pyrene 5′pyrene gold Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. CY-5 dye 5′ CY-5 dye gold Extended Planar Hydrophobic OligodT (30-60 bases)- Groups e.g. Digoxigenin 5′ Digoxigenin

Table 2 shows examples of unmodified support surfaces and matched absorptive groups on the bifunctional polymer linker for mere illustration purposes only and does not in any way precludes the use of other combinations of these.

When used in the present invention, components 1-3 are included as a solution to be applied to the solid support surface by ordinary methods of fabrication used to generate DNA Hybridization tests such as contact printing, piezo electric printing, ink jet printing, or pipetting.

Microarray fabrication begins with application of a mixture of the components (1)-(3) to the surface. The first step is adsorption of the bifunctional linker to the support surface (FIG. 2B). The concentration of the bi-functional linker is set so the average distance between bi-functional linker molecules defines a spacing denoted as lattice width (“LW” in FIG. 2B).

In the second step, the water in the solvent is evaporated to concentrate the DNA and bifunctional linker via evaporation of water from the solvent (FIG. 2C). Generally, use of pure water as the solvent during matrix fabrication is disadvantageous because water is quickly removed by evaporation due to a high surface area/volume ratio. To overcome this, in the present invention, a mixture of water with a high boiling point water-miscible solvent such as glycerin, DMSO or propanediol was used as solvent. In this case, upon evaporation, the water component will evaporate but not the high boiling point solvent. As a result, molecular reactants—DNA and bifunctional linker are progressively concentrated as the water is lost to evaporation. In the present invention, the ratio or water to high boiling point solvent is kept between 10:1 and 100:1. Thus, in the two extreme cases, upon equilibrium, volume of the fluid phase will reduce due to water evaporation to between 1/100th and 1/10^(th) the original volume, thus giving rise to a 100-fold to 10-fold increase in reactant concentration.

In the third step, the terminal Thymidine bases in the nucleic acid probes are UV crosslinked to the bifunctional linker within the evaporated surface (FIG. 2D). This process is mediated by the well-known photochemical reactivity of the Thymidine base that leads to the formation of covalent linkages to other thymidine bases in DNA or photochemical reaction with proteins and carbohydrates. If the bifunctional crosslinker is OligodT, then the crosslinking reaction will be bi-directional, that is, the photochemistry can be initiated in either the nucleic acid probe or the bifunctional OligodT linker. On the other hand, if the bifunctional linker is an amino polysaccharide such as chitosan or a polyamino acid, with a lysine or histidine in it, then the photochemistry will initiate in the nucleic acid probe, with the bifunctional linker being the target of the photochemistry.

Although such non-covalent adsorption described in the first step is generally weak and reversible, when occurring in isolation, in the present invention it is taught that if many such weak adsorptive events between the bifunctional polymeric linker and the underlying surface occur in close proximity, and if the closely packed polymeric linkers are subsequently linked to each other via Thymidine-mediated photochemical crosslinking, the newly created extended, multi-molecular (crosslinked) complex will be additionally stabilized on the surface, thus creating a stable complex with the surface in the absence of direct covalent bonding to that surface.

The present invention works efficiently for the linkage of synthetic oligonucleotides as nucleic acid probes to form a microarray-based hybridization device for the analysis of microbial DNA targets. However, it is clear that the same invention may be used to link PCR amplicons, synthetic oligonucleotides, isothermal amplification products, plasmid DNA or genomic DNA fragment as nucleic acid probes. It is also clear that the same technology could be used to manufacture hybridization devices that are not microarrays.

DNA nucleic acid probes were formulated as described in Table 3, to be deployed as described above and illustrated in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. A set of 48 such probes (Table 4) were designed to be specific for various sequence determinants of microbial DNA and each was fabricated so as to present a string of 5-7 T bases at each end, to facilitate their UV-crosslinking to form a covalently linked microarray element, as described above and illustrated in FIG. 1. Each of the 48 different probes was printed in triplicate to form a 144 element (12×12) microarray having sequences shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Representative Conditions of use of the Present Invention 5′ labelled Unique sequence OligodT Oligonucleotide Fluorescent Nucleic acid probe 30-38 bases Long marker 30 bases Type 7 T's at each end Long(marker) Nucleic acid probe 50 mM 0.15 mM Concentration Bifunctional Linker OligodT 30 bases long Primary amine at 3′ terminus Bifunctional Linker 1 mM Concentration High Boiling point Water:Propanediol, Solvent 100:1 Surface Epoxysilane on borosilicate glass UV Crosslinking Dose 300 millijoule (mjoule)

TABLE 4 Nucleic acid probes Linked to the Microarray Surface via the Present Invention SEQ ID NO: 132 Negative control TTTTTTCTACTACCTATGCTGATTCACTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 129 Imager Calibration TTTTCTATGTATCGATGTTGAGAAATTTTTTT (High) SEQ ID NO: 130 Imager Calibration TTTTCTAGATACTTGTGTAAGTGAATTTTTTT (Low) SEQ ID NO: 131 Imager Calibration TTTTCTAAGTCATGTTGTTGAAGAATTTTTTT (Medium) SEQ ID NO: 126 Cannabis ITS1 DNA TTTTTTAATCTGCGCCAAGGAACAATATTTTTTT Control 1 SEQ ID NO: 127 Cannabis ITS1 DNA TTTTTGCAATCTGCGCCAAGGAACAATATTTTTT Control 2 SEQ ID NO: 128 Cannabis ITS1 DNA TTTATTTCTTGCGCCAAGGAACAATATTTTATTT Control 3 SEQ ID NO: 86 Total Yeast and Mold TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTTTGAACGCATTTT (High sensitivity) TTT SEQ ID NO: 87 Total Yeast and Mold TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTCCTTTTTTT (Low sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 88 Total Yeast and Mold TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTTTGAACGTTTTTTT (Medium sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 132 Negative control TTTTTTCTACTACCTATGCTGATTCACTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 92 Aspergillus fumigatus 1 TTTCTTTTCGACACCCAACTTTATTTCCTTATTT SEQ ID NO: 90 Aspergillus flavus 1 TTTTTTCGCAAATCAATCTTTTTCCAGTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 95 Aspergillus niger 1 TTTTTTCGACGTTTTCCAACCATTTCTTTT SEQ ID NO: 100 Botrytis spp. TTTTTTTCATCTCTCGTTACAGGTTCTCGGTTCTT TTTTT SEQ ID NO: 108 Fusarium spp. TTTTTTTTAACACCTCGCRACTGGAGATTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 89 Alternaria spp TTTTTTCAAAGGTCTAGCATCCATTAAGTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 123 Rhodoturula spp. TTTTTTCTCGTTCGTAATGCATTAGCACTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 117 Penicillium paxilli TTTTTTCCCCTCAATCTTTAACCAGGCCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 116 Penicillium oxalicum TTTTTTACACCATCAATCTTAACCAGGCCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 118 Penicillium spp. TTTTTTCAACCCAAATTTTTATCCAGGCCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 102 Candida spp. Group 1 TTTTTTTGTTTGGTGTTGAGCRATACGTATTTTT SEQ ID NO: 103 Candida spp. Group 2 TTTTACTGTTTGGTAATGAGTGATACTCTCATTTT SEQ ID NO: 124 Stachybotrys spp TTTCTTCTGCATCGGAGCTCAGCGCGTTTTATTT SEQ ID NO: 125 Trichoderma spp. TTTTTCCTCCTGCGCAGTAGTTTGCACATCTTTT SEQ ID NO: 105 Cladosporium spp. TTTTTTTTGTGGAAACTATTCGCTAAAGTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 121 Podosphaera spp. TTTTTTTTAGTCAYGTATCTCGCGACAGTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 132 Negative control TTTTTTCTACTACCTATGCTGATTCACTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 37 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTTTTTTTCCTACGGGAGGCAGTTTTTTT (High) SEQ ID NO: 38 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTTTTTTCCCTACGGGAGGCATTTTTTTT (Medium) SEQ ID NO: 39 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTATTTTCCCTACGGGAGGCTTTTATTTT (Low) SEQ ID NO: 47 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGTCATGCTGTGTGTRTGTCTTTT negative (High) T SEQ ID NO: 48 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGCCATGCTGTGTGTRTTTTTTT negative (Medium) SEQ ID NO: 49 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGTCATGCTGCGTGTRTTTTTTT negative (Low) SEQ ID NO: 53 Coliform/ TTTTTTCTATTGACGTTACCCGCTTTTTTT Enterobacteriaceae SEQ ID NO: 81 stx1 gene TTTTTTCTTTCCAGGTACAACAGCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 82 stx2 gene TTTTTTGCACTGTCTGAAACTGCCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 59 etuf gene TTTTTTCCATCAAAGTTGGTGAAGAATCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 132 Negative control TTTTTTCTACTACCTATGCTGATTCACTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 65 Listeria spp. TTTTCTAAGTACTGTTGTTAGAGAATTTTT SEQ ID NO: 56 Aeromonas spp. TTATTTTCTGTGACGTTACTCGCTTTTATT SEQ ID NO: 78 Staphylococcus aureus TTTATTTTCATATGTGTAAGTAACTGTTTTATTT 1 SEQ ID NO: 49 Campylobacter spp. TTTTTTATGACACTTTTCGGAGCTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 72 Pseudomonas spp. 3 TTTATTTTAAGCACTTTAAGTTGGGATTTTATTT SEQ ID NO: 53 Clostridium spp. TTTTCTGGAMGATAATGACGGTACAGTTTT SEQ ID NO: 42 Escherichia coli/ TTTTCTAATACCTTTGCTCATTGACTCTTT Shigella 1 SEQ ID NO: 74 Salmonella enterica/ TTTTTTTGTTGTGGTTAATAACCGATTTTT Enterobacter 1 SEQ ID NO: 61 invA gene TTTTTTTATTGATGCCGATTTGAAGGCCTTTTTT

The set of 48 different probes of Table 4 were formulated as described in Table 3, then printed onto epoxysilane coated borosilicate glass, using an Gentics Q-Array mini contact printer with Arrayit SMP pins, which deposit about 1 nL of formulation per spot. As described in FIG. 1, the arrays thus printed were then allowed to react with the epoxisilane surface at room temperature, and then evaporate to remove free water, also at room temperature. Upon completion of the evaporation step (typically overnight) the air-dried microarrays were then UV treated in a STATOLINKER® UV irradiation system: 300 mjoules of irradiation at 254 nm to initiate thymidine-mediated crosslinking. The microarrays are then ready for use, with no additional need for washing or capping.

Example 2

Using the 3-Dimensional Lattice Microarray System for DNA Analysis

Sample Processing

Harvesting Pathogens from plant surface comprises the following steps:

1. Wash the plant sample or tape pull in 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS);

2. Remove plant material/tape;

3. Centrifuge to pellet cells and discard supernatant;

4. Resuspend in PathogenDx® Sample Prep Buffer pre-mixed with Sample Digestion Buffer;

5. Heat at 55° C. for 45 minutes;

6. Vortex to dissipate the pellet;

7. Heat at 95° C. for 15 minutes; and

8. Vortex and centrifuge briefly before use in PCR.

Amplification by PCR

The sample used for amplification and hybridization analysis was a Cannabis flower wash from a licensed Cannabis lab. The washed flower material was then pelleted by centrifugation. The pellet was then digested with proteinase K, then spiked with a known amount of Salmonella DNA before PCR amplification.

TABLE 5 PCR Primers and PCR conditions used in amplification PCR primers (P1) for PCR Reaction #1 Cannabis ITS1 1° FP*-TTTGCAACAGCAGAACGACCCGTGA (SEQ 1D NO: 17) Cannabis ITS1 1° RP*-TTTCGATAAACACGCATCTCGATTG (SEQ 1D NO: 18) Enterobacteriaceae 16S 1° FP-TTACCTTCGGGCCTCTTGCCATCRGATGTG (SEQ 1D NO: 11) Enterobacteriaceae 16S 1° RP-TTGGAATTCTACCCCCCTCTACRAGACTCAAGC (SEQ 1D NO: 12) PCR primers (P2) for PCR Reaction #2 Cannabis ITS1 2° FP-TTTCGTGAACACGTTTTAAACAGCTTG (SEQ 1D NO: 5) Cannabis ITS1 2° RP-(CY3)TTTCCACCGCACGAGCCACGCGAT (SEQ 1D NO: 36) Enterobacteriaceae 16S 2° FP-TTATATTGCACAATGGGCGCAAGCCTGATG (SEQ 1D NO: 29) Enterobacteriaceae 16S 2° RP-(CY3)TTTTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCA (SEQ 1D NO: 30) Secondary Primary PCR PCR PCR Reagent Concentration Concentration PCR Buffer 1X 1X MgCl₂   2.5 mM   2.5 mM BSA   0.16 mg/mL   0.16 mg/mL dNTP's 200 mM 200 mM Primer mix 200 nM each  50 nM- FP/200 nM RP Taq   1.5 Units   1.5 Units Polymerase Program for PCR Reaction #1 95° C., 4 min 98° C., 30s 61° C., 30s 72° C., 60s 72° C., 7 min 25X Program for PCR Reaction #2 95° C., 4 min 98° C., 20s 61° C., 20s 72° C., 30s 72° C., 7 min 25X *FP, Forward Primer; *RP, Reverse Primer

The Salmonella DNA spiked sample was then amplified with PCR primers (P1-Table 5) specific for the 16s region of Enterobacteriaceae in a tandem PCR reaction to first isolate the targeted region (PCR Reaction #1) and also PCR primers (P1-Table 5) which amplify a segment of Cannabis DNA (ITS) used as a positive control.

The product of PCR Reaction #1 (14) was then subjected to a second PCR reaction (PCR Reaction #2) which additionally amplified and labelled the two targeted regions (16s, ITS) with green CY3 fluorophore labeled primers (P2-Table 5). The product of the PCR Reaction #2 (504) was then diluted 1-1 with hybridization buffer (4×SSC+5×Denhardt's solution) and then applied directly to the microarray for hybridization.

Hybridization

Because the prior art method of microarray manufacture allows DNA to be analyzed via hybridization without the need for pre-treatment of the microarray surface, the use of the microarray is simple, and involves 6 manual or automated pipetting steps.

1) Pipette the amplified DNA+binding buffer onto the microarray

2) Incubate for 30 minutes to allow DNA binding to the microarray (typically at room temperature, RT)

3) Remove the DNA+binding buffer by pipetting

4) Pipette 50 uL of wash buffer onto the microarray (0.4×SSC+0.5×Denhardt's) and incubate 5 min at RT.

5) Remove the wash buffer by pipetting

6) Repeat steps 4 and 5

7) Perform image analysis at 532 nm and 635 nm to detect the probe spot location (532 nm) and PCR product hybridization (635 nm).

Image Analysis

Image Analysis was performed at two wavelengths (532 nm and 635 nm) on a raster-based confocal scanner: GenePix 4000B Microarray Scanner, with the following imaging conditions: 33% Laser power, 400PMT setting at 532 nm/33% Laser Power, 700PMT setting at 635 nm. FIG. 3 shows an example of the structure and hybridization performance of the microarray.

FIG. 3A reveals imaging of the representative microarray, described above, after hybridization and washing, as visualized at 635 nm. The 635 nm image is derived from signals from the (red) CY5 fluor attached to the 5′ terminus of the bifunctional polymer linker OligodT which had been introduced during microarray fabrication as a positional marker in each microarray spot (see FIG. 1 and Table 3). The data in FIG. 3A confirm that the CY5-labelled OligodT has been permanently linked to the microarray surface, via the combined activity of the bi-functional linker and subsequent UV-crosslinking, as described in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3B reveals imaging of the representative microarray described above after hybridization and washing as visualized at 532 nm. The 532 nm image is derived from signals from the (green) CY3 fluor attached to the 5′ terminus of PCR amplified DNA obtained during PCR Reaction #2. It is clear from FIG. 3B that only a small subset of the 48 discrete probes bind to the CY3-labelled PCR product, thus confirming that the present method of linking nucleic acid probes to form a microarray (FIG. 1) yields a microarray product capable of sequence specific binding to a (cognate) solution state target. The data in FIG. 3B reveal the underlying 3-fold repeat of the data (i.e., the array is the same set of 48 probes printed three times as 3 distinct sub-arrays to form the final 48×3=144 element microarray. The observation that the same set of 48 probes can be printed 3-times, as three repeated sub-domains show that the present invention generates microarray product that is reproducible.

FIG. 3C reveals imaging of the representative microarray, described above, after hybridization and washing, as visualized with both the 532 nm and 635 nm images superimposed. The superimposed images display the utility of parallel attachment of a CY5-labelled OligodT positional marker relative to the sequence specific binding of the CY3-labelled PCR product.

Example 3

First PCR Amplification Step

FIG. 4A shows an exemplar of the first PCR step. As is standard, such PCR reactions are initiated by the administration of PCR Primers. Primers define the start and stopping point of the PCR based DNA amplification reaction. In this embodiment, a pair of PCR reactions is utilized to support the needed DNA amplification. In general, such PCR amplification is performed in series: a first pair of PCRs, with the suffix “P1” in FIG. 4A are used to amplify about 1 μL of any unpurified DNA sample, such as a raw Cannabis leaf wash for example. About 1 μL of the product of that first PCR reaction is used as the substrate for a second PCR reaction that is used to affix a fluorescent dye label to the DNA, so that the label may be used to detect the PCR product when it binds by hybridization to the microarray. The primer sequences for the first and second PCRs are shown in Table 6. The role of this two-step reaction is to avert the need to purify the pathogen DNA to be analyzed. The first PCR reaction, with primers “P1” is optimized to accommodate the raw starting material, while the second PCR primer pairs “P2” are optimized to obtain maximal DNA yield, plus dye labeling from the product of the first reaction. Taken in the aggregate, the sum of the two reactions obviates the need to either purify or characterize the pathogen DNA of interest.

FIG. 4A reveals at low resolution the 16s rDNA region which is amplified in an embodiment, to isolate and amplify a region which may be subsequently interrogated by hybridization. The DNA sequence of this 16s rDNA region is known to vary greatly among different bacterial species. Consequently, having amplified this region by two step PCR, that sequence variation may be interrogated by the subsequent microarray hybridization step.

TABLE 6 First and Second PCR Primers SEQ ID NO. Primer target Primer sequence First PCR Primers (P1) for the first amplification step SEQ ID NO: 1 16s rDNA HV3 TTTCACAYTGGRACTGAGACACG Locus (Bacteria) SEQ ID NO: 2 16s rDNA HV3 TTTGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGT Locus (Bacteria) SEQ ID NO: 3 Stx1 Locus TTTATAATCTACGGCTTATTGTTGAACG (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 4 Stx1 Locus TTTGGTATAGCTACTGTCACCAGACAATG (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 5 Stx2 Locus TTTGATGCATCCAGAGCAGTTCTGCG (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 6 Stx2 Locus TTTGTGAGGTCCACGTCTCCCGGCGTC (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 7 InvA Locus TTTATTATCGCCACGTTCGGGCAATTCG (Salmonella) SEQ ID NO: 8 InvA Locus TTTCTTCATCGCACCGTCAAAGGAACCG (Salmonella) SEQ ID NO: 9 tuf Locus (All E. TTTCAGAGTGGGAAGCGAAAATCCTG coli) SEQ ID NO: 10 tuf Locus (All E. TTTACGCCAGTACAGGTAGACTTCTG coli) SEQ ID NO: 11 16s rDNA TTACCTTCGGGCCTCTTGCCATCRGATGTG Enterobacteriaceae HV3 Locus SEQ ID NO: 12 16s rDNA TTGGAATTCTACCCCCCTCTACRAGACTCAAGC Enterobacteriaceae HV3 Locus SEQ ID NO: 13 ITS2 Locus (All TTTACTTTYAACAAYGGATCTCTTGG Yeast, Mold/Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 14 ITS2 Locus (All TTTCTTTTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATG Yeast, Mold/Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 15 ITS2 Locus TTTAAAGGCAGCGGCGGCACCGCGTCCG (Aspergillus species) SEQ ID NO: 16 ITS2 Locus TTTTCTTTTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATG (Aspergillus species) SEQ ID NO: 17 ITS1 Locus TTTGCAACAGCAGAACGACCCGTGA (Cannabis/Plant) SEQ ID NO: 18 ITS1 Locus TTTCGATAAACACGCATCTCGATTG (Cannabis/Plant) Second PCR Primers (P2) for the second labeling amplification step SEQ ID NO: 19 16s rDNA HV3 TTTACTGAGACACGGYCCARACTC Locus (All Bacteria) SEQ ID NO: 20 16s rDNA HV3 TTTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCA Locus (All Bacteria) SEQ ID NO: 21 Stx1 Locus TTTATGTGACAGGATTTGTTAACAGGAC (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 22 Stx1 Locus TTTCTGTCACCAGACAATGTAACCGCTG (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 23 Stx2 Locus TTTTGTCACTGTCACAGCAGAAG (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 24 Stx2 Locus TTTGCGTCATCGTATACACAGGAGC (Pathogenic E. coli) SEQ ID NO: 25 InvA Locus (All TTTTATCGTTATTACCAAAGGTTCAG Salmonella) SEQ ID NO: 26 InvA Locus (All TTTCCTTTCCAGTACGCTTCGCCGTTCG Salmonella) SEQ ID NO: 27 tuf Locus (All E. TTTGTTGTTACCGGTCGTGTAGAAC coli) SEQ ID NO: 28 tuf Locus (All E. TTTCTTCTGAGTCTCTTTGATACCAACG coli) SEQ ID NO: 29 16s rDNA TTATATTGCACAATGGGCGCAAGCCTGATG Enterobacteriaceae HV3 Locus SEQ ID NO: 30 16s rDNA TTTTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCA Enterobacteriaceae HV3 Locus SEQ ID NO: 31 ITS2 Locus (All TTTGCATCGATGAAGARCGYAGC Yeast, Mold/Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 32 ITS2 Locus (All TTTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC Yeast, Mold/Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 33 ITS2 Locus TTTCCTCGAGCGTATGGGGCTTTGTC (Aspergillus species) SEQ ID NO: 34 ITS2 Locus TTTTTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC (Aspergillus species) SEQ ID NO: 35 ITS1 Locus TTTCGTGAACACGTTTTAAACAGCTTG (Cannabis/Plant) SEQ ID NO: 36 ITS1 Locus TTTCCACCGCACGAGCCACGCGAT (Cannabis/Plant)

FIG. 4B displays the stx1 gene locus which is present in the most important pathogenic strains of E. coli and which encodes Shigatoxin 1. Employing the same two-step PCR approach, a set of two PCR primer pairs were designed which, in tandem, can be used to amplify and label unprocessed bacterial samples to present the stx1 locus for analysis by microarray-based DNA hybridization.

FIG. 5A displays the stx2 gene locus which is also present in the most important pathogenic strains of E coli and which encodes Shigatoxin 2. Employing the same two-step PCR approach, a set of two PCR primer pairs were designed which, in tandem, can be used to amplify and label unprocessed bacterial samples so as to present the stx2 locus for analysis by microarray-based DNA hybridization.

FIG. 5B displays the invA gene locus which is present in all strains of Salmonella and which encodes the InvAsion A gene product. Employing the same two-step PCR approach, a set of two PCR primer pairs were designed which, in tandem, can be used to amplify and label unprocessed bacterial samples so as to present the invA locus for analysis by microarray-based DNA hybridization.

FIG. 6 displays the tuf gene locus which is present in all strains of E. coli and which encodes the ribosomal elongation factor Tu. Employing the same two-step PCR approach, a set of two PCR primer pairs were designed which, in tandem, can be used to amplify and label unprocessed bacterial samples so as to present the tuf locus for analysis by microarray-based DNA hybridization.

FIG. 7 displays the ITS2 locus which is present in all eukaryotes, including all strains of yeast and mold and which encodes the intergenic region between ribosomal genes 5.8S and 28S. ITS2 is highly variable in sequence and that sequence variation can be used to resolve strain differences in yeast, and mold. Employing the same two-step PCR approach, a set of two PCR primer pairs were designed which, in tandem, can be used to amplify and label unprocessed yeast and mold samples so as to present the ITS2 locus for analysis by microarray-based DNA hybridization.

FIG. 8 displays the ITS1 gene locus which is present in all eukaryotes, including all plants and animals, which encodes the intergenic region between ribosomal genes 18S and 5.8S. ITS1 is highly variable in sequence among higher plants and that sequence variation can be used to identify plant species. Employing the same two-step PCR approach, a set of two PCR primer pairs were designed which, in tandem, can be used to amplify and label unprocessed Cannabis samples so as to present the ITS1 locus for analysis by microarray-based DNA hybridization. The identification and quantitation of the Cannabis sequence variant of ITS1 is used as an internal normalization standard in the analysis of pathogens recovered from the same Cannabis samples.

Table 7 displays representative oligonucleotide sequences which are used as microarray probes in an embodiment for DNA microarray-based analysis of bacterial 16s locus as described in FIG. 4. The sequence of those probes has been varied to accommodate the cognate sequence variation which occurs as a function of species difference among bacteria. In all cases, the probe sequences are terminated with a string of T's at each end, to enhance the efficiency of probe attachment to the microarray surface, at time of microarray manufacture. Table 8 shows sequences of the Calibration and Negative controls used in the microarray.

Table 9 displays representative oligonucleotide sequences which are used as microarray probes in an embodiment for DNA microarray-based analysis of eukaryotic pathogens (fungi, yeast and mold) based on their ITS2 locus as described in FIG. 7. Sequences shown in Table 8 are used as controls. The sequence of those probes has been varied to accommodate the cognate sequence variation which occurs as a function of species difference among fungi, yeast and mold. In all cases, the probe sequences are terminated with a string of T's at each end, to enhance the efficiency of probe attachment to the microarray surface, at time of microarray manufacture.

Table 10 displays representative oligonucleotide sequences which are used as microarray probes in an embodiment for DNA microarray-based analysis of Cannabis at the ITS1 locus (Cannabis spp.).

TABLE 7 Oligonucleotide probe sequence for the 16S Locus SEQ ID NO: 37 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTTTTTTTCCTACGGGAGGCAGTTTTTTT (High) SEQ ID NO: 38 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTTTTTTCCCTACGGGAGGCATTTTTTTT (Medium) SEQ ID NO: 39 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTATTTTCCCTACGGGAGGCTTTTATTTT (Low) SEQ ID NO: 40 Enterobacteriaceae TTTATTCTATTGACGTTACCCATTTATTTT (Low sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 41 Enterobacteriaceae TTTTTTCTATTGACGTTACCCGTTTTTTTT (Medium sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 42 Escherichia coli/ TTTTCTAATACCTTTGCTCATTGACTCTTT Shigella 1 SEQ ID NO: 43 Escherichia coli/ TTTTTTAAGGGAGTAAAGTTAATATTTTTT Shigella 2 SEQ ID NO: 44 Escherichia coli/ TTTTCTCCTTTGCTCATTGACGTTATTTTT Shigella 3 SEQ ID NO: 45 Bacillus spp. Group1 TTTTTCAGTTGAATAAGCTGGCACTCTTTT SEQ ID NO: 46 Bacillus spp. Group2 TTTTTTCAAGTACCGTTCGAATAGTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 47 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGTCATGCTGTGTGTRTGTCTT negative (High) TTT SEQ ID NO: 48 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGCCATGCTGTGTGTRTTTTTTT negative (Medium) SEQ ID NO: 49 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGTCATGCTGCGTGTRTTTTTTT negative (Low) SEQ ID NO: 50 Campylobacter spp. TTTTTTATGACACTTTTCGGAGCTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 51 Chromobacterium spp. TTTTATTTTCCCGCTGGTTAATACCCTTTATTTT SEQ ID NO: 52 Citrobacter spp. TTTTTTCCTTAGCCATTGACGTTATTTTTT Group1 SEQ ID NO: 53 Clostridium spp. TTTTCTGGAMGATAATGACGGTACAGTTTT SEQ ID NO: 54 Coliform/ TTTTTTCTATTGACGTTACCCGCTTTTTTT Enterobacteriaceae SEQ ID NO: 55 Aeromonas TTTTTGCCTAATACGTRTCAACTGCTTTTT salmonicida/hydrophilia SEQ ID NO: 56 Aeromonas spp. TTATTTTCTGTGACGTTACTCGCTTTTATT SEQ ID NO: 57 Alkanindiges spp. TTTTTAGGCTACTGRTACTAATATCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 58 Bacillus pumilus TTTATTTAAGTGCRAGAGTAACTGCTATTTTATT SEQ ID NO: 59 etuf gene TTTTTTCCATCAAAGTTGGTGAAGAATCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 60 Hafnia spp. TTTTTTCTAACCGCAGTGATTGATCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 61 invA gene TTTTTTTATTGATGCCGATTTGAAGGCCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 62 Klebsiella oxytoca TTTTTTCTAACCTTATTCATTGATCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 63 Klebsiella pneumoniae TTTTTTCTAACCTTGGCGATTGATCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 64 Legionella spp. TTTATTCTGATAGGTTAAGAGCTGATCTTTATTT SEQ ID NO: 65 Listeria spp. TTTTCTAAGTACTGTTGTTAGAGAATTTTT SEQ ID NO: 66 Panteoa agglomerans TTTTTTAACCCTGTCGATTGACGCCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 67 Panteoa stewartii TTTTTTAACCTCATCAATTGACGCCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 68 Pseudomonas TTTTTGCAGTAAGTTAATACCTTGTCTTTT aeruginosa SEQ ID NO: 69 Pseudomonas TTTTTTTACGTATCTGTTTTGACTCTTTTT cannabina SEQ ID NO: 70 Pseudomonas spp. 1 TTTTTTGTTACCRACAGAATAAGCATTTTT SEQ ID NO: 71 Pseudomonas spp. 2 TTTTTTAAGCACTTTAAGTTGGGATTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 72 Pseudomonas spp. 3 TTTATTTTAAGCACTTTAAGTTGGGATTTTATTT SEQ ID NO: 73 Salmonella bongori TTTTTTTAATAACCTTGTTGATTGTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 74 Salmonella TTTTTTTGTTGTGGTTAATAACCGATTTTT enterica/Enterobacter 1 SEQ ID NO: 75 Salmonella TTTTTTTAACCGCAGCAATTGACTCTTTTT enterica/Enterobacter 2 SEQ ID NO: 76 Salmonella TTTTTTCTGTTAATAACCGCAGCTTTTTTT enterica/Enterobacter 3 SEQ ID NO: 77 Serratia spp. TTTATTCTGTGAACTTAATACGTTCATTTTTATT SEQ ID NO: 78 Staphylococcus aureus TTTATTTTCATATGTGTAAGTAACTGTTTTATTT 1 SEQ ID NO. 79 Staphylococcus aureus TTTTTTCATATGTGTAAGTAACTGTTTTTT 2 SEQ ID NO: 80 Streptomyces spp. TTTTATTTTAAGAAGCGAGAGTGACTTTTATTTT SEQ ID NO: 81 stx1 gene TTTTTTCTTTCCAGGTACAACAGCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 82 stx2 gene TTTTTTGCACTGTCTGAAACTGCCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 83 Vibrio spp. TTTTTTGAAGGTGGTTAAGCTAATTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 84 Xanthamonas spp. TTTTTTGTTAATACCCGATTGTTCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 85 Yersinia pestis TTTTTTTGAGTTTAATACGCTCAACTTTTT

TABLE 8 Calibration and Negative Controls SEQ ID NO: 129 Imager TTTTCTATGTATCGATGTTGAGAAATTTTTTT Calibration (High) SEQ ID NO: 130 Imager TTTTCTAGATACTTGTGTAAGTGAATTTTTTT Calibration (Low) SEQ ID NO: 131 Imager Calibration TTTTCTAAGTCATGTTGTTGAAGAATTTTTTT (Medium) SEQ ID NO: 132 Negative control TTTTTTCTACTACCTATGCTGATTCACTCTTTTT

TABLE 9 Oligonucleotide probe sequence for the ITS2 Locus SEQ ID NO: 86 Total Yeast TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTTTGAACGCATTTTTTT and Mold (High sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 87 Total Yeast TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTCCTTTTTTT and Mold (Low sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 88 Total Yeast TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTTTGAACGTTTTTTT and Mold (Medium sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 89 Alternaria spp. TTTTTTCAAAGGTCTAGCATCCATTAAGTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 90 Aspergillus TTTTTTCGCAAATCAATCTTTTTCCAGTCTTTTT flavus 1 SEQ ID NO: 91 Aspergillus TTTTTTTCTTGCCGAACGCAAATCAATCTTTTTTTTTT flavus 2 TT SEQ ID NO: 92 Aspergillus TTTCTTTTCGACACCCAACTTTATTTCCTTATTT fumigatus 1 SEQ ID NO: 93 Aspergillus TTTTTTTGCCAGCCGACACCCATTCTTTTT fumigatus 2 SEQ ID NO: 94 Aspergillus TTTTTTGGCGTCTCCAACCTTACCCTTTTT nidulans SEQ ID NO: 95 Aspergillus TTTTTTCGACGTTTTCCAACCATTTCTTTT niger 1 SEQ ID NO: 96 Aspergillus TTTTTTTTCGACGTTTTCCAACCATTTCTTTTTT niger 2 SEQ ID NO: 97 Aspergillus TTTTTTTCGCCGACGTTTTCCAATTTTTTT niger 3 SEQ ID NO: 98 Aspergillus TTTTTCGACGCATTTATTTGCAACCCTTTT terreus SEQ ID NO: 99 Blumeria TTTATTTGCCAAAAMTCCTTAATTGCTCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 100 Botrytis spp TTTTTTTCATCTCTCGTTACAGGTTCTCGGTTCTTTTT TT SEQ ID NO: 101 Candida TTTTTTTTTGAAAGACGGTAGTGGTAAGTTTTTT albicans SEQ ID NO: 102 Candida spp. TTTTTTTGTTTGGTGTTGAGCRATACGTATTTTT Group 1 SEQ ID NO: 103 Candida spp. TTTTACTGTTTGGTAATGAGTGATACTCTCATTTT Group 2 SEQ ID NO: 104 Chaetomium TTTCTTTTGGTTCCGGCCGTTAAACCATTTTTTT spp. SEQ ID NO: 105 Cladosporium TTTTTTTTGTGGAAACTATTCGCTAAAGTTTTTT spp SEQ ID NO: 106 Erysiphe spp. TTTCTTTTTACGATTCTCGCGACAGAGTTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 107 Fusarium TTTTTTTCTCGTTACTGGTAATCGTCGTTTTTTT oxysporum SEQ ID NO: 108 Fusarium spp TTTTTTTTAACACCTCGCRACTGGAGATTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 109 Golovinomyces TTTTTTCCGCTTGCCAATCAATCCATCTCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 110 Histoplasma TTTATTTTTGTCGAGTTCCGGTGCCCTTTTATTT capsulatum SEQ ID NO: 111 Isaria spp. TTTATTTTTCCGCGGCGACCTCTGCTCTTTATTT SEQ ID NO: 112 Monocillium TTTCTTTTGAGCGACGACGGGCCCAATTTTCTTT spp. SEQ ID NO: 113 Mucor spp. TTTTCTCCAVVTGAGYACGCCTGTTTCTTTT SEQ ID NO: 114 Myrothecium TTTATTTTCGGTGGCCATGCCGTTAAATTTTATT spp. SEQ ID NO: 115 Oidiodendron TTTTTTTGCGTAGTACATCTCTCGCTCATTTTTT spp. SEQ ID NO: 116 Penicillium TTTTTTACACCATCAATCTTAACCAGGCCTTTTT oxalicum SEQ ID NO: 117 Penicillium TTTTTTCCCCTCAATCTTTAACCAGGCCTTTTTT paxilli SEQ ID NO: 118 Penicillium spp TTTTTTCAACCCAAATTTTTATCCAGGCCTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 119 Phoma/ TTTTTTTGCAGTACATCTCGCGCTTTGATTTTTT Epicoccum spp. SEQ ID NO: 120 Podosphaera TTTTTTGACCTGCCAAAACCCACATACCATTTTT spp SEQ ID NO: 121 Podosphaera TTTTTTTTAGTCAYGTATCTCGCGACAGTTTTTT spp. SEQ ID NO: 122 Pythium TTTTATTTAAAGGAGACAACACCAATTTTTATTT oligandrum SEQ ID NO: 123 Rhodoturula TTTTTTCTCGTTCGTAATGCATTAGCACTTTTTT spp SEQ ID NO: 124 Stachybotrys TTTCTTCTGCATCGGAGCTCAGCGCGTTTTATTT spp SEQ ID NO: 125 Trichoderma TTTTTCCTCCTGCGCAGTAGTTTGCACATCTTTT spp

Table 11 displays representative oligonucleotide sequences which are used as microarray probes in an embodiment for DNA microarray-based analysis of bacterial pathogens (stx1, stx2, invA, tuf) and for DNA analysis of the presence host Cannabis at the ITS1 locus (Cannabis spp.). It should be noted that this same approach, with modifications to the ITS1 sequence, could be used to analyze the presence of other plant hosts in such extracts.

TABLE 10 Oligonucleotide probe sequence for the Cannabis ITS1 Locus SEQ ID NO: 126 Cannabis ITS1 TTTTTTAATCTGCGCCAAGGAACAATATTTTTTT DNA Control 1 SEQ ID NO: 127 Cannabis ITS1 TTTTTGCAATCTGCGCCAAGGAACAATATTTTTT DNA Control 2 SEQ ID NO: 128 Cannabis ITS1 TTTATTTCTTGCGCCAAGGAACAATATTTTATTT DNA Control 3

TABLE 11 Representative Microarray Probe Design for the Present Invention: Bacterial Toxins, ITS1 (Cannabis) SEQ ID NO: 81 stx1 gene TTTTTTCTTTCCAGGTACAACAGCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 82 stx2 gene TTTTTTGCACTGTCTGAAACTGCCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 59 etuf gene TTTTTTCCATCAAAGTTGGTGAAGAATCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 61 invA gene TTTTTTTATTGATGCCGATTTGAAGGCCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 126 Cannabis ITS1 TTTTTTAATCTGCGCCAAGGAACAATATTTTTTT DNA Control 1

FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram to describe how an embodiment is used to analysis the bacterial pathogen or yeast and mold complement of a Cannabis or related plant sample. Pathogen samples can be harvested from Cannabis plant material by tape pulling of surface bound pathogen or by simple washing of the leaves or buds or stems, followed by a single multiplex “Loci Enhancement” Multiplex PCR reaction, which is then followed by a single multiplex “Labelling PCR”. A different pair of two step PCR reactions is used to analyze bacteria, than the pair of two step PCR reactions used to analyze fungi, yeast and mold. In all cases, the DNA of the target bacteria or fungi, yeast and mold are PCR amplified without extraction or characterization of the DNA prior to two step PCR. Subsequent to the Loci Enhancement and Labelling PCR steps, the resulting PCR product is simply diluted into binding buffer and then applied to the microarray test. The subsequent microarray steps required for analysis (hybridization and washing) are performed at lab ambient temperature.

FIG. 10 provide images of a representative implementation of microarrays used in an embodiment. In this implementation, all nucleic acid probes required for bacterial analysis, along with Cannabis DNA controls (Tables 7 and 10) are fabricated into a single 144 element (12×12) microarray, along with additional bacterial and Cannabis probes such as those in Table 10. In this implementation, all nucleic acid probes required for fungi, yeast and mold analysis along with Cannabis DNA controls were fabricated into a single 144 element (12×12) microarray, along with additional fungal probes shown in Table 9. The arrays are manufactured on PTFE coated glass slides as two columns of 6 identical microarrays. Each of the 12 identical microarrays is capable of performing, depending on the nucleic acid probes employed, a complete microarray-based analysis bacterial analysis or a complete microarray-based analysis of fungi, yeast and mold. Nucleic acid probes were linked to the glass support via microfluidic printing, either piezoelectric or contact based or an equivalent. The individual microarrays are fluidically isolated from the other 11 in this case, by the hydrophobic PTFE coating, but other methods of physical isolation can be employed.

FIGS. 11A-11B display representative DNA microarray analysis of an embodiment. In this case, purified bacterial DNA or purified fungal DNA has been used, to test for affinity and specificity subsequent to the two-step PCR reaction and microarray-based hybridization analysis. As can be seen, the nucleic acid probes designed to detect each of the bacterial DNA (top) or fungal DNA (bottom) have bound to the target DNA correctly via hybridization and thus have correctly detected the bacterium or yeast (Table 12 and 13). FIG. 12 displays representative DNA microarray analysis of an embodiment. In this case, 5 different unpurified raw Cannabis leaf wash samples were used to test for affinity and specificity subsequent to the two-step PCR reaction and microarray-based hybridization analysis. Both bacterial and fungal analysis has been performed on all 5 leaf wash samples, by dividing each sample into halves and subsequently processing them each for analysis of bacteria or for analysis of fungi, yeast and mold. The data of FIG. 12 were obtained by combining the outcome of both assays. FIG. 12 shows that the combination of two step PCR and microarray hybridization analysis, as described in FIG. 9, can be used to analyze the pathogen complement of a routine Cannabis leaf wash. It is expected, but not shown that such washing of any plant material could be performed similarly.

TABLE 12 Representative microarray hybridization data obtained from purified bacterial DNA standards PURIFIED DNA BACTERIA PANEL Aeromonas Bacillus Campylobactor hydrophila subtilus ssp. Low Pan Bacteria 4434 15943 38700 Control Medium Pan Bacteria 7893 33069 28705 Control High Pan Bacteria 14934 23469 32936 Control Low Bile tolerant gram 5364 947 867 negative High Bile tolerant gram 55228 339 422 negative Total Coliform 106 101 145 E. coli 104 121 127 E. Coli specific gene 318 255 422 E. Coli Stx1 106 116 158 E. Coli Stx2 100 100 126 Enterobacteriacea 885 125 211 Salmonella/Enterobacter 115 99 124 Salmonella specific 189 175 217 gene Aeromonas 10335 120 123 Pseudomonas 106 107 120 Pseudomonas 169 228 173 aeriginosa Xanthomonas 98 188 122 Listeria 117 263 144 Campylobacter 148 120 65535 Bacillus Group 2 143 34517 121 E. coli E. coli 0157:H7 Listeria ssp. Low Pan Bacteria 4215 1745 14140 Control Medium Pan Bacteria 8349 3638 35237 Control High Pan Bacteria 9827 4327 16726 Control Low Bile tolerant gram 2803 1801 817 negative High Bile tolerant gram 24172 14746 1482 negative Total Coliform 8276 9175 139 E. coli 55419 47805 151 E. Coli specific gene 57638 57112 521 E. Coli Stx1 134 65535 151 E. Coli Stx2 169 52041 135 Enterobacteriacea 58323 36641 179 Salmonella/Enterobacter 190 160 144 Salmonella specific 208 392 212 gene Aeromonas 127 139 163 Pseudomonas 130 126 133 Pseudomonas 318 1217 208 aeriginosa Xanthomonas 133 143 143 Listeria 136 128 24783 Campylobacter 139 153 224 Bacillus Group 2 128 150 137 Pseudomonas Salmonella Xanthomonas aeruginosa enterica ssp. Low Pan Bacteria 26431 11167 22152 Control Medium Pan Bacteria 39002 17682 24141 Control High Pan Bacteria 38682 28596 22072 Control Low Bile tolerant gram 4852 4453 461 negative High Bile tolerant gram 36337 32579 356 negative Total Coliform 145 204 196 E. coli 144 83 147 E. Coli specific gene 695 641 461 E. Coli Stx1 142 196 145 E. Coli Stx2 147 117 132 Enterobacteriacea 375 23847 204 Salmonella/Enterobacter 138 37520 144 Salmonella specific 211 8124 231 gene Aeromonas 142 99 146 Pseudomonas 25866 77 153 Pseudomonas 64437 135 424 aeriginosa Xanthomonas 221 80 41903 Listeria 144 79 131 Campylobacter 144 88 160 Bacillus Group 2 139 81 134

TABLE 13 Representative microarray hybridization data obtained from purified bacterial DNA standards PURIFIED DNA FUNGAL PANEL Fusarium Penicillium A. fumigatus A. flavus A. niger spp. spp. Mucor Low Pan 4269 6097 5252 13907 3929 3073 Fungal Control Medium 27006 30445 19746 30972 30947 49986 Pan Fungal Control High Pan 64940 64679 54483 47268 65535 63932 Fungal Control Negative 119 127 151 107 117 118 control A. fumigatus 62018 232 114 604 126 228 A. flavus 210 65535 116 102 115 128 A. niger 113 235 24867 108 115 112 Botrytis 189 205 435 101 126 121 Penicillium 171 282 121 100 5891 316 F. solani 112 131 174 16578 113 140 Mucor 118 127 113 150 113 29886

FIG. 13 displays representative DNA microarray analysis of an embodiment. In this case, one unpurified (raw) Cannabis leaf wash sample was used and was compared to data obtained from a commercially-obtained homogenous yeast vitroid culture of live Candida to test for affinity and specificity subsequent to the two-step PCR reaction and microarray-based hybridization analysis. Both Cannabis leaf wash and cultured fungal analysis have been performed by processing them each for analysis via probes specific for fungi (see Tables 9 and 11).

The data of FIG. 13 were obtained by combining the outcome of analysis of both the leaf wash and yeast vitroid culture samples. The data of FIG. 13 show that the combination of two step PCR and microarray hybridization analysis, as described in FIG. 9, can be used to interrogate the fungal complement of a routine Cannabis leaf wash as adequately as can be done with a pure (live) fungal sample. It is expected that fungal analysis via such washing of any plant material could be performed similarly.

FIG. 14 shows a graphical representation of the position of PCR primers employed in a variation of an embodiment for low level detection of Bacteria in the Family Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli. These PCR primers are used to selectively amplify and dye label DNA from targeted organisms for analysis via microarray hybridization.

FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate representative DNA microarray analysis demonstrating assay sensitivity over a range of microbial inputs. In this case, certified reference material consisting of enumerated bacterial colonies of E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O111 (FIGS. 15A-15B) and Salmonella enterica (FIG. 15C) were spiked as a dilution series onto a hops plant surrogate matrix then processed using the assay version described for FIG. 14. Hybridization results from relevant probes from FIG. 7 are shown. The larger numbers on the x-axis represents the total number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) that were spiked onto each hops plant sample, whereas the smaller numbers on the x-axis represent the number of CFU's of the spiked material that were actually inputted into the assay. Only about 1/50 of the original spiked hops sample volume was actually analyzed. The smaller numbers upon the x-axis of FIGS. 15A-15C are exactly 1/50^(th) that of the total (lower) values. As is seen, FIGS. 15A-15C show that the microarray test of an embodiment can detect less than 1 CFU per microarray assay. The nucleic acid targets within the bacterial genomes displayed in FIGS. 15A-15C comprise 16s rDNA. There are multiple copies of the 16s rDNA gene in each of these bacterial organisms, which enables detection at <1 CFU levels. Since a colony forming unit approximates a single bacterium in many cases, the data of FIGS. 15A-15C demonstrate that the present microarray assay has sensitivity which approaches the ability to detect a single (or a small number) of bacteria per assay. Similar sensitivity is expected for all bacteria and eukaryotic microbes in that it is known that they all present multiple copies of the ribosomal rDNA genes per cell.

Tables 14A and 14B show a collection of representative microarray hybridization data obtained from powdered dry food samples with no enrichment and 18-hour enrichment for comparison. The data shows that bacterial microbes were successfully detected on the microarrays of the present invention without the need for enrichment.

FIG. 16 and Tables 15-17 describes embodiments for the analysis of fruit, embodiments for the analysis of vegetables and embodiments for the analysis of other plant matter. The above teaching shows, by example, that unprocessed leaf and bud samples in Cannabis and hops may be washed in an aqueous water solution, to yield a water-wash containing microbial pathogens which can then be analyzed via the present combination of RSG and microarrays.

If fresh leaf, flower, stem or root materials from fruit and vegetables are also washed in a water solution in that same way (when fresh, or after drying and grinding or other types or processing, then the present combination of RSG and microarray analysis would be capable of recovering and analyzing the DNA complement of those microbes in those other plant materials. At least two methods of sample collection are possible for fruit and vegetables. One method is the simple rinsing of the fruit, exactly as described for Cannabis, above. Another method of sample collection from fruits and vegetables is a “tape pull”, wherein a piece of standard forensic tape is applied to the surface of the fruit, then pulled off. Upon pulling, the tape is then soaked in the standard wash buffer described above, to suspend the microbes attached to the tape. Subsequent to the tape-wash step, all other aspects of the processing and analysis (i.e., raw sample genotyping, PCR, then microarray analysis) are exactly as described above.

TABLE 14A Representative microarray data obtained from powdered dry food samples. Sample Type Whey Protein Whey Protein Chewable Vanilla Pea Shake Vanilla Shake Chocolate Berry Tablet Shake Protein Enrichment time 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours Negative Control Probe 289 318 349 235 327 302 358 325 321 299 Total Aerobic Bacteria Probes High sensitivity 26129 38896 16629 11901 3686 230 32747 12147 41424 40380 Medium sensitivity 5428 6364 3308 2794 876 215 7310 2849 15499 8958 Low sensitivity 2044 3419 1471 990 446 181 2704 1062 4789 3887 Bile-tolerant Gram-negative Probes High sensitivity 2639 350 1488 584 307 305 1041 472 15451 8653 Medium sensitivity 1713 328 892 493 322 362 615 380 6867 4997 Low sensitivity 974 600 749 621 595 688 821 929 2459 1662 Total Enterobacteriaceae Probes High sensitivity 1131 306 363 310 346 318 273 331 4260 3149 Medium sensitivity 479 296 320 297 329 339 314 342 1489 990 Low sensitivity 186 225 203 165 205 181 207 200 216 259 16S rDNA Species Probes Escherichia coli/Shigella spp. 233 205 255 219 207 255 215 214 242 198 S. enterica/enterobacter spp. 203 183 186 281 212 299 197 257 308 303 Bacillus spp. 154 172 189 114 307 156 169 153 233 259 Pseudomonas spp. 549 201 202 251 148 216 303 276 2066 983 Organism Specific Gene Probes tuf gene(E. coli) 204 129 180 272 158 190 191 183 186 192 stx1 gene(E. coli) 241 178 171 240 289 304 195 245 149 191 stx2 gene(E. coli) 145 96 136 125 182 224 130 142 85 127 invA (Salmonella spp.) 215 265 210 284 204 256 239 285 237 229

TABLE 14B Representative microarray data obtained from powdered dry food samples. Sample Type Rice Work-out Work-out Vanilla Protein Shake FP Shake BR Shake Enrichment time 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours Negative Control Probe 351 351 271 309 299 332 246 362 Total Aerobic Bacteria Probes High sensitivity 471 288 17146 266 19207 261 41160 47198 Medium sensitivity 161 187 3120 229 3309 311 10060 22103 Low sensitivity 186 239 1211 261 1223 264 3673 6750 Bile-tolerant Gram-negative Probes High sensitivity 326 372 375 380 412 363 1418 358 Medium sensitivity 304 362 341 391 308 356 699 394 Low sensitivity 683 942 856 689 698 864 848 665 Total Enterobacteriaceae Probes High sensitivity 277 329 317 327 298 326 290 349 Medium sensitivity 326 272 296 291 297 263 262 307 Low sensitivity 215 207 204 288 213 269 195 247 16S rDNA Species Probes Escherichia coli/Shigella spp. 228 229 216 267 221 253 220 207 S. enterica/enterobacter spp. 226 281 238 268 197 254 255 216 Bacillus spp. 157 166 812 208 915 216 415 168 Pseudomonas spp. 199 225 247 251 211 259 277 225 Organism Specific Gene Probes tuf gene(E. coli) 150 149 126 206 163 212 215 166 stx1 gene(E. coli) 270 247 211 299 239 307 175 185 stx2 gene(E. coli) 158 178 127 205 138 175 128 100 invA (Salmonella spp.) 257 241 249 264 220 258 239 245 The data of Tables 15-17 demonstrates that simple washing of the fruit and tape pull sampling of the fruit generate similar microbial data. The blueberry sample is shown to be positive for Botrytis, as expected, since Botrytis is a well-known fungal contaminant on blueberries. The lemon sample is shown to be positive for Penicillium, as expected, since Penicillium is a well-known fungal contaminant for lemons.

TABLE 15 Representative microarray hybridization data obtained from blueberry and lemon washes. Sample Blueberry Lemon Collection Type Produce Wash Protocol Wash 1 blueberry in 2 ml Wash 1 piece moldy 20 mM Borate, vortex 30 lemon in 2 ml 20 mM seconds Borate, vortex 30 seconds Dilution Factor NONE 1:20 NONE 1:20 A. fumigatus 1 65 61 62 57 A. fumigatus 2 66 61 58 131 A. fumigatus 3 69 78 55 127 A. fumigatus 4 80 198 63 161 A. fumigatus 5 98 68 59 70 A. flavus 1 111 65 197 58 A. flavus 2 64 66 71 49 A. flavus 3 72 79 54 49 A. flavus 4 95 71 66 125 A. flavus 5 59 55 45 47 A. niger 1 91 75 61 61 A. niger 2 185 68 61 57 A. niger 3 93 66 62 61 A. niger 4 1134 74 75 64 Botrytis spp. 1 26671 27605 60 55 Botrytis spp. 2 26668 35611 59 57 Penicillium spp. 1 63 69 2444 4236 Penicillium spp. 2 71 69 4105 7426 Fusarium spp. 1 175 69 59 78 Fusarium spp. 2 71 73 84 62 Mucor spp. 1 71 57 58 61 Mucor spp. 2 61 290 66 61 Total Yeast and Mold 1 20052 21412 8734 7335 Total Yeast and Mold 2 17626 8454 5509 5030

TABLE 16 Representative microarray hybridization data obtained from blueberry washes and tape pulls. Sample Moldy Blueberry Collection Type Tape Pull ID 1A1 1A1 1A2 1A2 1A3 1A3 1B1 1B1 1B2 1B2 1B3 1B3 Collection Point 1 500 ul 20 mM Borate Buffer, vortex 30 seconds 500 ul 20 mM Borate + Triton Buffer, vortex 30 seconds Collection Point 2 Add 15 mg zirconia beads, Add 15 mg zirconia beads, vortex, Heat 5 min 95° C., vortex, Heat 5 min 95° C., Vortex 15 seconds Vortex 15 seconds Collection Point 3 Heat 5 min Heat 5 min 95° C. vortex 95° C. vortex 15 seconds 15 seconds Dilution Factor NO 1:20 NO 1:20 NO 1:20 NO 1:20 NO 1:20 NO 1:20 A. fumigatus 1 66 388 83 77 97 313 95 68 76 55 75 60 A. fumigatus 2 97 100 82 118 69 56 87 67 185 76 58 52 A. fumigatus 3 77 94 82 1083 87 61 93 84 75 378 73 64 A. fumigatus 4 84 151 94 118 96 80 115 85 85 93 190 88 A. fumigatus 5 63 75 96 71 78 61 98 74 68 98 70 533 A. flavus 1 200 107 113 61 204 58 105 73 62 68 64 65 A. flavus 2 70 104 64 57 133 281 111 78 377 314 57 50 A. flavus 3 83 90 94 150 99 90 96 222 1162 86 80 73 A. flavus 4 76 125 92 146 87 174 241 78 115 69 105 85 A. flavus 5 80 153 77 72 78 439 71 86 280 58 62 57 A. niger 1 409 178 122 72 80 70 76 71 152 117 65 53 A. niger 2 78 292 79 65 715 666 74 70 68 731 70 54 A. niger 3 86 76 87 558 78 60 70 81 96 63 478 58 A. niger 4 164 70 92 108 197 69 130 75 76 148 73 65 Botrytis spp. 1 41904 26549 28181 29354 25304 25685 57424 33783 57486 49803 33176 32153 Botrytis spp. 2 36275 25518 29222 27076 26678 27675 49480 32899 52817 34322 29693 32026 Penicillium spp. 1 80 81 83 64 96 60 79 80 176 60 385 53 Penicillium spp. 2 90 93 81 80 114 59 98 69 470 65 478 56 Fusarium spp. 1 77 71 69 62 112 55 61 274 617 81 59 757 Fusarium spp. 2 91 82 107 74 101 65 91 66 123 63 71 583 Mucor spp. 1 90 314 73 88 105 61 77 79 741 180 172 74 Mucor spp. 2 83 69 73 69 91 67 111 102 455 88 70 133 Total Y & M 1 23637 18532 15213 17668 18068 19762 18784 15550 20625 17525 25813 18269 Total Y & M 2 12410 8249 9281 11526 8543 13007 14180 14394 9905 8972 15112 12678 The data embodied in FIG. 16 and Tables 15-17 demonstrate the use of an embodiment, for the recovery and analysis of yeast microbes on the surface of fruit (blueberries and lemons in this case), but an embodiment could be extended to other fruits and vegetables for the analysis of both bacterial and fungal contamination.

TABLE 17 Representative microarray hybridization data obtained from lemon washes and tape pulls. Sample Moldy Lemon Collection Type Tape Pull ID 1A1 1A2 1A3 1B1 1B2 Lemon Lemon Lemon Lemon Lemon Collection Point 1 500 ul 20 mM Borate + Triton Buffer, vortex 30 seconds Collection Point 2 Add 15 mg Add 15 mg zirconia beads, zirconia beads, vortex, Heat 5 min vortex, Heat 5 min 95° C., Vortex 95° C., Vortex 15 seconds 15 seconds Collection Point 3 Heat 5 min 95° C. vortex 15 seconds Dilution Factor NONE A. fumigatus 1 96 83 75 83 64 A. fumigatus 2 221 73 71 66 101 A. fumigatus 3 87 88 85 92 122 A. fumigatus 4 83 85 91 72 97 A. fumigatus 5 448 100 84 114 78 A. flavus 1 85 79 70 66 63 A. flavus 2 77 82 77 79 63 A. flavus 3 133 66 86 60 67 A. flavus 4 96 85 81 98 88 A. flavus 5 68 62 65 106 59 A. niger 1 73 88 77 73 73 A. niger 2 74 84 81 71 103 A. niger 3 90 86 87 74 78 A. niger 4 82 93 104 86 161 Botrytis spp. 1 82 75 75 77 68 Botrytis spp. 2 91 74 83 67 62 Penicillium spp. 1 3824 5461 5500 4582 5290 Penicillium spp. 2 7586 8380 11177 6528 8167 Fusarium spp. 1 101 62 61 70 279 Fusarium spp. 2 77 122 78 68 233 Mucor spp. 1 74 110 89 76 57 Mucor spp. 2 132 1302 90 84 61 Total Yeast and Mold 1 8448 12511 9249 12844 8593 Total Yeast and Mold 2 9275 8716 11585 10758 4444

Table 18 shows embodiments for the analysis of environmental water samples/specimens. The above teaching shows by example that unprocessed leaf and bud samples in Cannabis and hops may be washed in an aqueous water solution, to yield a water-wash containing microbial pathogens which can then be analyzed via the present combination of Raw Sample Genotyping (RSG) and microarrays. If a water sample containing microbes were obtained from environmental sources (such as well water, or sea water, or soil runoff or the water from a community water supply) and then analyzed directly, or after ordinary water filtration to concentrate the microbial complement onto the surface of the filter, that the present combination of RSG and microarray analysis would be capable of recovering and analyzing the DNA complement of those microbes.

TABLE 18 Representative microarray data from raw water filtrate. Sample ID Negative 2 H 2 H 9 D 9 D 21 21 23 23 25 25 Control Imager Calibration High 311 335 322 379 341 348 345 325 354 343 333 Imager Calibration Med 280 314 268 286 288 231 253 295 267 295 244 Imager Calibration Low 245 296 302 324 254 268 293 285 271 340 275 Cannabis cont. 310 330 313 255 323 368 313 322 274 332 322 Cannabis cont. 313 237 298 271 298 288 296 280 249 284 297 Cannabis cont. 208 265 276 250 267 327 255 258 253 282 370 Total Yeast and Mold 284 324 290 307 272 361 296 288 271 321 469 Total Yeast and Mold 251 259 294 290 309 308 285 281 275 299 293 Total Yeast and Mold 282 280 294 280 299 284 275 286 299 259 232 Total Aerobic bacteria High 40101 42007 47844 47680 45102 44041 43520 41901 46459 46783 135 Total Aerobic bacteria Medium 14487 12314 24189 26158 19712 16210 17943 15474 25524 18507 157 Total Aerobic bacteria Low 4885 5629 7625 6456 5807 4505 5316 6022 6264 6974 159 Negative Control 293 359 303 339 312 329 306 377 307 335 307 Aspergillus fumigatus 285 291 284 268 289 265 271 281 269 248 228 Aspergillus flavus 184 211 201 344 237 179 212 213 163 204 171 Aspergillus niger 226 213 228 273 190 195 245 206 222 209 172 Botrytis spp. 219 285 258 302 275 219 202 288 221 248 214 Alternaria spp. 81 97 76 89 58 76 75 175 117 174 167 Penicillium paxilli 135 162 215 142 127 161 103 115 238 190 200 Penicillium oxalicum 119 107 161 131 135 241 178 158 140 143 194 Penicillium spp. 50 123 179 177 128 138 146 163 148 115 184 Can. alb/trop/dub 261 236 235 230 250 213 276 244 245 237 194 Can. glab/Sach & Kluv spp. 146 165 196 128 160 215 185 217 215 177 225 Podosphaera spp. 111 119 100 122 192 105 95 43 169 27 143 Bile-tolerant Gram-negative High 16026 9203 13309 8426 16287 14116 10557 17558 15343 14285 183 Bile-tolerant Gram-negative Medium 12302 11976 9259 10408 13055 10957 11242 8416 9322 11785 196 Bile-tolerant Gram-negative Low 5210 7921 3818 3984 7224 6480 4817 6933 5021 5844 240 Total Enterobacteriaceae High 193 248 389 357 215 214 198 220 276 208 210 Total Enterobacteriaceae Med 246 214 297 246 244 224 219 245 252 229 207 Total Enterobacteriaceae Low 165 140 158 119 151 180 150 167 182 174 132 Total Coliform 121 148 158 117 129 117 155 157 125 178 152 Escherichia coli specific gene 31821 115 132 155 127 62 86 121 59 90 234 stx1 gene 67 0 2 0 0 23 21 28 0 0 116 stx2 gene 17 36 174 0 61 47 0 51 33 0 85 Salmonella specific gene 181 172 245 172 178 212 157 243 174 156 146 Bacillus spp. 137 135 174 112 164 143 163 182 168 152 149 Pseudomonas spp. 271 74 332 56 366 133 91 114 60 179 555 Escherichia coli/Shigella spp. 103 124 221 124 90 144 130 121 137 143 158 Salmonella enterica/enterobacter spp. 124 98 131 119 136 88 121 77 128 140 124 Erysiphe Group 2 278 221 237 230 245 254 250 220 205 236 233 Trichoderma spp. 105 157 204 152 180 154 130 161 201 180 150 Escherichia coli 429 431 551 576 549 406 407 484 556 551 293 Aspergillus niger 218 212 216 297 255 312 221 202 238 231 209 Escherichia coli/Shigella spp. 163 193 220 202 308 280 121 271 341 317 124 Aspergillus fumigatus 713 865 862 830 784 657 827 803 746 812 793 Aspergillus flavus 155 261 198 156 239 171 250 218 210 258 219 Salmonella enterica 136 98 85 43 109 47 23 123 70 100 135 Salmonella enterica 68 53 52 41 60 92 26 28 55 81 116

The data embodied in Table 18 were obtained from 5 well-water samples (named 2H, 9D, 21, 23, 25) along with 2 samples of milliQ laboratory water (obtained via reverse osmosis) referred to as “Negative Control”. All samples were subjected to filtration on a sterile 0.4 um filter. Subsequent to filtration, the filters, with any microbial contamination that they may have captured, were then washed with the standard wash solution, exactly as described above for the washing of Cannabis and fruit. Subsequent to that washing, the suspended microbes in wash solution were then subjected to exactly the same combination of centrifugation (to yield a microbial pellet) then lysis and PCR of the unprocessed pellet-lysate (exactly as described above for Cannabis), followed by PCR and microarray analysis, also as described for Cannabis.

The data seen in Table 18 demonstrate that microbes collected on filtrates of environmental water samples can be analyzed via the same combination of raw sample genotyping, then PCR and microarray analysis used for Cannabis and fruit washes. The italicized elements of Table 18 demonstrate that the 5 unprocessed well-water samples all contain aerobic bacteria and bile tolerant gram-negative bacteria. The presence of both classes of bacteria is expected for unprocessed (raw) well water. Thus, the data of Table 18 demonstrate that this embodiment of the present invention can be used for the analysis of environmentally derived water samples.

The above teaching shows that unprocessed leaf and bud samples in Cannabis and hops may be washed in an aqueous water solution to yield a water-wash containing microbial pathogens which can then be analyzed via the present combination of RSG and microarrays. The above data also show that environmentally-derived well water samples may be analyzed by an embodiment. Further, if a water sample containing microbes were obtained from industrial processing sources (such as the water effluent from the processing of fruit, vegetables, grain, meat) and then analyzed directly, or after ordinary water filtration to concentrate the microbial complement onto the surface of the filter, that the present combination of RSG and microarray analysis would be capable of recovering and analyzing the DNA complement of those microbes.

Further, if an air sample containing microbes as an aerosol or adsorbed to airborne dust were obtained by air filtration onto an ordinary air-filter (such as used in the filtration of air in an agricultural or food processing plant, or on factory floor, or in a public building or a private home) that such air-filters could then be washed with a water solution, as has been demonstrated for plant matter, to yield a microbe-containing filter eluate, such that the present combination of Raw Sample Genotyping (RSG) and microarray analysis would be capable of recovering and analyzing the DNA complement of those microbes.

While the foregoing written description of an embodiments enables one of ordinary skill to make and use what is considered presently to be the best mode thereof, those of ordinary skill will understand and appreciate the existence of variations, combinations, and equivalents of the specific embodiment, method, and examples herein. The present disclosure should therefore not be limited by the above described embodiments, methods, and examples, but by all embodiments and methods within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

Example 4

Method of Using the 3-Dimensional Lattice Microarray System for Quantitative DNA Analysis.

Sample Processing

Harvesting Microbes from plant surface comprises the following steps:

1. Wash the plant sample or tape pull in 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS);

2. Remove plant material/tape;

3. Centrifuge to pellet cells and iscard supernatant;

3. Resuspend in PathogenDx® Sample Prep Buffer pre-mixed with Sample Digestion Buffer;

3. Heat at 55° C. for 45 minutes;

3. Vortex to dissipate the pellet;

3. Heat at 95° C. for 15 minutes; and

3. Vortex and centrifuge briefly to obtain a sample comprising DNA from one or more types of microbes.

Addition of a Synthetic DNA to the Processed Sample

A known amount (known copy number) of synthetic DNA is added to the sample obtained in the sample processing step described above. The synthetic DNA has a length and sequence structure similar to that of the 16s (bacteria) or ITS2 (eukaryote) DNA sequence being amplified, but with a central region sequence that is distinct, to distinguish it from bacterial and eukaryotic DNA in the sample. The 5′ and 3′ end sequences of the synthetic DNA are designed to be substantially identical to a consensus sequence in the unknown bacterial or unknown eukaryotic DNA being queried, to allow amplification using the same pair of PCR primers used for amplification of the unknown DNA in the sample. Examples of such consensus sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 152 and SEQ ID NO: 153 (Table 19). These features allow unbiased amplification of both the synthetic DNA and the unknown microbial pool DNA in the sample. Examples of synthetic DNA sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 154 to SEQ ID NO: 157 (Table 19).

Amplification by PCR

The sample comprising the synthetic DNA sequence was amplified (PCR Reaction #1) using locus specific primer pairs (Tables 6 and 20). The product of PCR Reaction #1 (14) was then subjected to a second PCR reaction (PCR Reaction #2) using a pair of labeling primers (Tables 6 and 20), which additionally amplified and labeled the two targeted regions to generate fluorophore labeled amplicons. The product of the PCR Reaction #2 (504) was then diluted 1-1 with hybridization buffer (4×SSC+5×Denhardt's solution) and then applied directly to the microarray for hybridization.

Hybridization

Because the prior art method of microarray manufacture allows DNA to be analyzed via hybridization without the need for pre-treatment of the microarray surface, the use of the microarray is simple, and involves 6 manual or automated

1. Pipette the amplified DNA+binding buffer onto the microarray to which are immobilized oligonucleotide probe sequence for the pathogen gene being queried and the synthetic DNA used as internal reference standard (Tables 7-11 and 21).

2. Incubate for 30 minutes to allow DNA binding to the microarray (typically at room temperature, RT).

3. Remove the DNA+binding buffer by pipetting

4. Pipette 50 uL of wash buffer onto the microarray (0.4×SSC+0.5×Denhardt's) and incubate 5 min at RT.

5. Remove the wash buffer by pipetting.

6) Repeat steps 4 and 5

7) Perform image analysis at 532 nm and 635 nm to detect the probe spot location (532 nm) and PCR product hybridization (635 nm).

TABLE 19 Concensus sequences and Synthetic DNA sequences Consensus sequence corresponding to the ITS2 domain in eukaryotes including yeast, mold fungi SEQ ID NO: 152 (TYM Quant Control) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNACTTYCAACAAYGGATCTCTTG GTTCTGGCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNGTGAATCATCGARTCTTTGAACGCANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAANNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Consensus sequence corresponding to the rDNA domain in SEQ ID NO: 153 prokaryotes NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCACAYTGGRACTGAGACACGG NNNNNNCTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNAY SSAGCMAYGCCGCGTGDRBGNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNATTGACGTTACCCGCNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Synthetic DNA region compatible for use as an internal SEQ ID NO: 154 reference standard with the ITS2 domain in eukaryotes TACTATTCAGCCTCTGTACGTGCTTCATGTAAATTGAACTTTCAACAACGGATCTCTTGGTT CTGGCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGCGACTTGCGATAAGTAATGTGAATTGCAGAATTCAGTG CATCATAGAAACTATGTACGCAAATTGCGCCCCTTGGTATTCCGGGGGGCATGCCTGTTC GAGCGTCATTTCAACCCTCAAGCTTAGCTTGGTATTGAGTCTATGTCAGTAATGGCAGGCT CTAAAATCAGTGGCGGCGCCGCTGGGTCCTGAACGTAGTAATATTTCTTGTCACCGTTTC TAGGTGTGCTTCTGTCTATACCCAAATTCTTCTATGGTTGACCTCGGATCAGGTAGGGATA CCCGCTGAACTTAAGCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAGCACGCCGTCTAGAAGCACGATC AGAGGCTGAATACTA Synthetic DNA region compatible for use as an internal SEQ ID NO: 155 reference standard with the rDNA domain in prokaryotes TACTATTCAGCCTCTGTACGTGCTTCATGTAAATTGACACACTGGAACTGAGACACGGTCC AGACTCCATCGGGAGCGAGCATGGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGCGCAAGCCTGATGGAC CCTAGCCGCCACTATGAAGAAGGCCTTCGGGTTGTAAAGTACTTTCAGCGGGGAGGAGG GAATGAAAGTATATACCTTTCGTCATGTACGTTACTCGCAGAAGAAGCACCGGCTAACTCC GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGCAC GCCGTCTAGAAGCACGATCAGAGGCTGAATACTA Synthetic DNA region compatible for use as an internal reference standard with the rDNA domain in prokaryotes SEQ ID NO: 156 including Bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria TACTATTCAGCCTCTGTACGTGCTTCATGTAAATTGACACACTGGAACTGAGACACGGTCC AGACTCCTGCAGGAGACGGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGCGCAAGCCTGATGTAT CCCTGACGCAGATATGAAGAAGGCCTTCGGGTTGTAAAGTACTTTCAGCGGGGAGGAAG GTCGTAAAACTAATACACTTGCTGTTTGAACTTACCCAGAGAAGAAGCACCGGCTAACTCC GTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGCAC GCCGTCTAGAAGCACGATCAGAGGCTGAATACTA Synthetic DNA region compatible for use as an internal reference standard with the rDNA domain prokaryotes SEQ ID NO: 157 including the Enterobacteriaceae Family TACTATTCAGCCTCTGTACGTGCTTCATGTAAATTGACACACTGGAACTGAGACACGGTCC AGACTCCTAGCGGAGCGAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGCGCAAGCCTGATGACG CCAGTCCGCTGGTATGAAGAAGGCCTTCGGGTTGTAAAGTACTTTCAGCGGGGAGGAAG GAGGTAAATGTAATACTCTTGCTACTTGAGCTTACCCCGAGAAGAAGCACCGGCTAACTC CGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCAAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGCA CGCCGTCTAGAAGCACGATCAGAGGCTGAATACTA

TABLE 20 Primers used for Locus PCR and Labeling PCR Amplification Reactions SEQ ID NO. Primer target Primer sequence SEQ ID NO: 133 Universal primers for TTCAGCCTCTGTACGTGCTTCATG preamplification of Fungal and Bacterial control fragments SEQ ID NO: 134 Universal primers for TTCAGCCTCTGATCGTGCTTCTAG preamplification of Fungal and Bacterial control fragments SEQ ID NO: 135 Fungal RSG Primers (All TTTACTTTCAACAAYGGATCTCTTGG Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 136 Fungal RSG Primers (All CTTTTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATG Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 137 Bacterial RSG Primers (All TTTCACACTGGRACTGAGACACG Bacteria) SEQ ID NO: 138 Bacterial RSG Primers (All TTTTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGC Bacteria) SEQ ID NO: 139 Fungal Labeling TTTGCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC Primers(All Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 140 Fungal Labeling TTTTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC Primers(All Fungus) SEQ ID NO: 141 Bacterial Labeling Primers TTTCACACTGGRACTGAGACACGG SEQ ID NO: 30 Bacterial Labeling Primers TTTTGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCA

TABLE 21 Oligonucleotide probe sequences SEQ ID NO: 132 Negative control TTTTTTCTACTACCTATGCTGATTCACTCT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 37 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTTTTTTTCCTACGGGAGGCAGTTTTTTT (High) SEQ ID NO: 38 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTTTTTTCCCTACGGGAGGCATTTTTTTT (Medium) SEQ ID NO: 39 Total Aerobic bacteria TTTATTTTCCCTACGGGAGGCTTTTATTTT (Low) SEQ ID NO: 47 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGTCATGCTGTGTGTRTGT negative (High) CTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 48 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGCCATGCTGTGTGTRTTT negative (Medium) TTTT SEQ ID NO: 49 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGCAGTCATGCTGCGTGTRTTT negative (Low) TTTT SEQ ID NO: 54 Coliform/ TTTTTTCTATTGACGTTACCCGCTTTTTTT Enterobacteriaceae SEQ ID NO: 41 Enterobacteriaceae TTTTTTCTATTGACGTTACCCGTTTTTTTT (Medium sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 40 Enterobacteriaceae TTTATTCTATTGACGTTACCCATTTATTTT (Low sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 86 Total Yeast and Mold TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTTTGAACGC (High sensitivity) ATTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 88 Total Yeast and Mold TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTTTGAACGT (Medium sensitivity) TTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 87 Total Yeast and Mold TTTTTTTTGAATCATCGARTCTCCTTTTTTT (Low sensitivity) SEQ ID NO: 142 Total Aerobic Bacteria TTTTTTTTTCCATCGGGAGCGAGTTTTTTT Quantitative Control (internal reference standard) SEQ ID NO: 143 Bile-tolerant Gram- TTTTTCTATGTATTCCTGATGTAGATRTGT negative Quantitative CTTTTT Control (internal reference standard) SEQ ID NO: 144 Enterobacteriaceae/ TTTTTTCTCTTGAGCTTACCCCGTTTTTTT Coliform Quantitative Control (internal reference standard) SEQ ID NO: 145 Total Yeast and Mold TTTTTTTTGCATCATAGAAACTTTGTACGC Quantitative Control ATTTTTTT (internal reference standard) SEQ ID NO: 103 Candida spp. Group 2 TTTTACTGTTTGGTAATGAGTGATACTCTC ATTTT SEQ ID NO: 146 Golovinomyces spp. TTTATTTAATCAATCCATCATCTCAAGTCT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 108 Fusarium spp TTTTTTTTAACACCTCGCRACTGGAGATTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 107 Fusarium oxysporum TTTTTTTCTCGTTACTGGTAATCGTCGTTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 42 Escherichia coli/ TTTTCTAATACCTTTGCTCATTGACTCTTT Shigella 1 SEQ ID NO: 74 Salmonella TTTTTTTGTTGTGGTTAATAACCGATTTTT enterica/Enterobacter 1 SEQ ID NO: 72 Pseudomonas spp. 3 TTTATTTTAAGCACTTTAAGTTGGGATTTT ATTT SEQ ID NO: 78 Staphylococcus aureus TTTATTTTCATATGTGTAAGTAACTGTTTTA 1 TTT SEQ ID NO: 147 Listeria spp. TTTATTTTGATAAGAGTAACTGCTTGCTTT ATTT SEQ ID NO: 45 Bacillus spp. Group1 TTTTTCAGTTGAATAAGCTGGCACTCTTTT SEQ ID NO: 46 Bacillus spp. Group2 TTTTTTCAAGTACCGTTCGAATAGTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 90 Aspergillus flavus 1 TTTTTTCGCAAATCAATCTTTTTCCAGTCT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 92 Aspergillus fumigatus 1 TTTCTTTTCGACACCCAACTTTATTTCCTT ATTT SEQ ID NO: 95 Aspergillus niger 1 TTTTTTCGACGTTTTCCAACCATTTCTTTT SEQ ID NO: 100 Botrytis spp TTTTTTTCATCTCTCGTTACAGGTTCTCGG TTCTTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 116 Penicillium oxalicum TTTTTTACACCATCAATCTTAACCAGGCCT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 117 Penicillium paxilli TTTTTTCCCCTCAATCTTTAACCAGGCCTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 118 Penicillium spp TTTTTTCAACCCAAATTTTTATCCAGGCCT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 89 Alternaria spp TTTTTTCAAAGGTCTAGCATCCATTAAGTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 101 Candida albicans TTTTTTTTTGAAAGACGGTAGTGGTAAGTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 105 Cladosporium spp TTTTTTTTGTGGAAACTATTCGCTAAAGTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 99 Blumeria TTTATTTGCCAAAAMTCCTTAATTGCTCTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 148 Mucor spp. TTTTTTCTCCAVVTGAGYACGCCTGTTTCA GTATCTTTTTT SEQ ID NO: 120 Podosphaera spp TTTTTTGACCTGCCAAAACCCACATACCAT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 149 Saccharomyces spp. TTTATCTTAGGCGAACAATGTTCTTAAATC TTTT SEQ ID NO: 150 Aspergillus terreus TTTTTTACGCATTTATTTGCAACTTGCCTT TTTT SEQ ID NO: 151 Podosphaera spp. TTTTTCGTCCCCTAAACATAGTGGCTTTTT Image Analysis

Image Analysis was performed at two wavelengths (532 nm and 635 nm) on a raster-based confocal scanner: GenePix 4000B Microarray Scanner, with the following imaging conditions: 33% Laser power, 400PMT setting at 532 nm/33% Laser Power, 700PMT setting at 635 nm. FIG. 3 shows an example of the structure and hybridization performance of the microarray.

FIG. 3A reveals imaging of the representative microarray, described above, after hybridization and washing, as visualized at 635 nm. The 635 nm image is derived from signals from the (red) CY5 fluor attached to the 5′ terminus of the bifunctional polymer linker OligodT which had been introduced during microarray fabrication as a positional marker in each microarray spot (see FIG. 1 and Table 3). The data in FIG. 3A confirm that the CY5-labelled OligodT has been permanently linked to the microarray surface, via the combined activity of the bi-functional linker and subsequent UV-crosslinking, as described in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3B reveals imaging of the representative microarray described above after hybridization and washing as visualized at 532 nm. The 532 nm image is derived from signals from the (green) CY3 fluor attached to the 5′ terminus of PCR amplified DNA obtained during PCR Reaction #2. It is clear from FIG. 3B that only a small subset of the 48 discrete probes bind to the CY3-labelled PCR product, thus confirming that the present method of linking nucleic acid probes to form a microarray (FIG. 1) yields a microarray product capable of sequence specific binding to a (cognate) solution state target. The data in FIG. 3B reveal the underlying 3-fold repeat of the data (i.e., the array is the same set of 48 probes printed three times as 3 distinct sub-arrays to form the final 48×3=144 element microarray. The observation that the same set of 48 probes can be printed 3-times, as three repeated sub-domains show that the present invention generates microarray product that is reproducible.

FIG. 3C reveals imaging of the representative microarray, described above, after hybridization and washing, as visualized with both the 532 nm and 635 nm images superimposed. The superimposed images display the utility of parallel attachment of a CY5-labelled OligodT positional marker relative to the sequence specific binding of the CY3-labelled PCR product.

Example 5

Quantitation of Absolute DNA Copy Number

Quantitation of absolute DNA copy number for a microbe of interest in a sample as disclosed in the present invention is achieved by introducing into the sample, a known copy number of a synthetic DNA before the first PCR amplification step. The synthetic DNA has a length and sequence structure similar to that of the 16s (bacteria) or ITS2 (eukaryote) DNA amplicons generated in the first PCR (FIGS. 17A-17B and 18), but with a central region sequence that is distinct, to distinguish it from bacterial and eukaryotic DNA in the sample. The 5′ and 3′ end sequences of the synthetic DNA are designed to be substantially identical to a consensus sequence in the unknown bacterial or unknown eukaryotic DNA being queried, to allow amplification using the same pair of PCR primers used for amplification of the unknown DNA in the sample. These features allow the synthetic DNA to be amplified by the same pair of PCR primers used to amplify the hypervariable region of the unknown microbes which are being queried. As a result, the synthetic DNA is indistinguishable from the microbial pool DNA in the sample in terms of primer/template hybridization during the first and second PCR amplification reactions. This ensures unbiased amplification of the synthetic (internal reference standard) and microbial (unknown) DNA, such that signal intensity for amplicons from the queried DNA and synthetic DNA are proportional to the original copy number of each DNA respectively (discussed below). Examples of such consensus sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 152 and SEQ ID NO: 153 (Table 19). Examples of synthetic DNA sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 154 to SEQ ID NO: 157 (Table 19).

PCR, as deployed in the present microarray-based analysis is generally performed as a type of end-point PCR. Although in its simplest approximation, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been described as a type of chain reaction because in the beginning of the PCR reaction process, when the DNA target strands are extremely dilute, each cycle of PCR will, in general lead to a geometric increase in product DNA, nearly exactly a 2-fold increase in amplified DNA product for each new PCR thermal cycle. If such a 2-fold increase were to occur indefinitely, the concentration of amplified DNA product should theoretically increase exponentially to infinity. In practice however, such a limitless DNA product increase does not occur, and one observes the well-known “S-shaped” sigmoidal PCR response curve wherein one or more components of the PCR reactant mixture or, one or more components of the PCR product mixture leads to a saturation in amplicon production. It is generally believed that such “leveled-off” S-shaped PCR curves occurs due to consumption of the PCR primers in the reaction mixture. Therefore, in the present invention, the concentration of PCR primers in both of the PCR reactions (first, locus PCR and second, labeling PCR, see FIGS. 17A, 17B and 18) is intentionally kept at a large molar excess, so that primer depletion cannot contribute to saturation of PCR amplification. However, even with an excess of PCR reactants, it was observed that amplicon generated from both PCRs continue to “level-off” to produce a complex “end-point” PCR wherein the number of amplicons will no longer increase despite increasing concentration of the reactants. This saturation in response occurs due to enzymatic end-product inhibition. In the present invention, such inhibition is enabled to generate a substantial amount of PCR product, so as to ensure that microarray hybridization remains highly selective and sensitive to low microbial density in the sample.

The key to the present invention is therefore based upon deployment of the above-mentioned synthetic DNA internal reference standards so that even as the PCR reaction saturates by means of end-product inhibition (or any other mechanism of PCR leveling) the relative abundance of any DNA derived from an unknown amount of its microbial source, can be directly compared to that of the internal reference standard, so that the abundance of the unknown DNA, relative to that of the known synthetic DNA (internal reference standard) becomes insensitive to the extent of PCR reaction. This effect was exploited in this invention with the understanding that as the PCR reaction approaches saturation (associated with end-product inhibition), the amounts of various amplified species begin to interact as discussed below:

i) Unknown DNA Copies=Standard DNA Copies

When the number of copies of the synthetic DNA (standard species) is equal to the number of copies of an microbial DNA (unknown species) in the original sample, the ratio of microbial DNA to synthetic DNA will be equal to 1 from the beginning of the PCR reaction (where amplification is exponential) to the end of the PCR reaction (where amplification begins to saturate via end-product inhibition). C _(n) /C _(o) =S _(n) /S _(o) where, C_(n)=the number of microbial DNA copies of each type (n) present in the original sample mixture added to the first of two tandem PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis, C_(o)=the number of known synthetic DNA copies (internal reference standard) added to the first of two PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis, S_(n)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the nth microbial species, followed by image analysis, S_(o)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the synthetic DNA species, followed by image analysis,

ii) Unknown DNA Copies>Standard DNA Copies

When the microbial DNA (unknown species) were in large excess over the known synthetic DNA (standard species), the ratio of microbial DNA to synthetic DNA will be >1. In this situation, at the beginning of the PCR reaction, the relative abundance of amplicons (PCR product) will be a truthful representation of the original input strand ratio (unknown:standard). As the reaction proceeds towards saturation however, the more abundant species (unknown species in this case) will approach end-product saturation first, either due to consumption of one or more reactants or due to enzyme inhibition by PCR reaction products—pyrophosphate and/or amplicons. As a result, amplification of the relatively less abundant standard species will be inhibited. In this situation, abundance of amplified DNA product species will retain the correct qualitative relationship of “unknown species>standard species”, whereas the ratio of DNA products will no longer be linearly related to the unknown:standard ratio in the original input sample. C _(n) /C _(o) ≠S _(n) /S _(o)

Such a non-linear relationship between input and response is well known in chemical and physical analysis such as the relationship between grain density versus photon exposure in chemical film or in a charge-coupled device (CCD) where, the relative brightness of photographic inputs are maintained in relative rank order in the resulting image, yet a detailed understanding of the non-linear response is required to predict relative abundance of the original inputs (analogous to DNA copy number in the original sample) from the response data (analogous to PCR product signal after amplification and microarray hybridization).

iii) Unknown DNA Copies<Standard DNA Copies

When the microbial DNA (unknown species) were less than the known synthetic DNA (standard species), the ratio of microbial DNA to synthetic DNA will be <1. In this situation, at the beginning of the PCR reaction, the relative abundance of amplicons (PCR product) will be a truthful representation of the original input strand ratio (unknown:standard). As the reaction proceeds towards saturation however, the more abundant species (standard species in this case) will approach end-product saturation first, either due to consumption of one or more reactants or due to enzyme inhibition by PCR reaction products—pyrophosphate and/or amplicons. As a result, amplification of the relatively less abundant unknown species will be inhibited. In this situation, abundance of amplified DNA product species will retain the correct qualitative relationship of “unknown species>standard species”, whereas the ratio of DNA products, will no longer be linearly related to the unknown:standard ratio in the original input sample; C _(n) /C _(o) ≠S _(n) /S _(o)

Such a non-linear relationship between input and response is well known in chemical and physical analysis such as the relationship between grain density versus photon exposure in chemical film or in a charge-coupled device (CCD) where, the relative brightness of photographic inputs are maintained in relative rank order in the resulting image, yet a detailed understanding of the non-linear response is required to predict relative abundance of the original inputs (analogous to DNA copy number in the original sample) from the response data (analogous to PCR product signal after amplification and microarray hybridization).

The non-linear relationships described above are similar to that observed in chemical and physical analysis, such as the relationship between grain density versus photon exposure in chemical films or charge-coupled devices (CCD) where, the relative brightness of photographic inputs are maintained in relative rank order in the resulting image, yet a detailed understanding of the non-linear response is required to predict relative abundance of the original inputs (analogous to DNA copy number in the original sample) from the response data (analogous to PCR product signal after amplification and microarray hybridization). In the present invention, it is determined that the observed competition between unknown microbial DNA and standard DNA display a useful and generally unexpected “X-shaped” relationship, of the kind displayed in FIG. 19A.

Analysis of Microbial DNA (rDNA or ITS2) Copy Number by PCR-Microarray.

“Crossover” titration data of the kind shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B were determined to be intrinsic to the PCR-Microarray analysis described in this application. As target microbial DNA copy number is increased, with synthetic DNA copy number being held constant, the products of the microbial PCR reaction, and hence signals due to binding of those products to cognate probes on the microarray surface increase with increasing microbial DNA copy number, whereas the signals obtained from the (fixed) matched internal reference standard decrease in concert (FIGS. 19A-19B). The two curves cross-over at or near copy number equivalency (arrow, FIG. 19A-19B) where the number of microbial DNA copies become equal to the number of internal reference standard DNA copies.

Over the range of PCR conditions consistent with the present invention (i.e. conditions of PCR signals saturating due to competition between the unknown microbial DNA and an added DNA standard) the relation between the DNA input and output can be approximated as, C _(n) /C _(o) =P(S _(n) /S _(o))^(x) where,  Equation #1

C_(n)=the number of microbial DNA copies of each type (n) present in the original sample mixture added to the first of two tandem PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis,

C_(o)=the number of known synthetic DNA copies (internal reference standard) added to the first of two PCR reactions used to prepare amplicons for microarray analysis,

S_(n)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the nth microbial species, followed by image analysis,

S_(o)=relative fluorescence units (RFU) signal data obtained after PCR amplification, and microarray hybridization of the synthetic DNA species, followed by image analysis,

X=a complex exponential factor which defines the functional relationship between the Experimental Microarray Data Ratio (S_(n)/S_(o)) to the underlying ratio of microbial DNA copies vs synthetic DNA standard copies present in the original sample (C_(n)/C_(o)).

P=A constant which relates the Experimental Microarray Data ratio (S_(n)/S_(o)) to the concentration of amplified PCR product which binds to the microarray. In general, for the examples presented here (FIGS. 19A and 19B), P=1.

In general X can be a linear function or exponential or related functional form or a constant which is itself a function of PCR parameters and conditions of microarray analysis and imaging. Based on representative data shown in the present invention, X is approximated as a constant with a value near to 2.

TABLE 22 Experimental Data S_(n)/S_(o) as a function of Experimental Copy Number Data C_(n)/C_(o) from the Representative PCR-Microarray Validation Studies in FIG. 19A C_(n)/C_(o) Measured DNA Copy Number Ratio in the Original Sample to be (S_(n)/S_(o))² Adjusted analyzed by PCR-Microarray Experimental Microarray S_(n)/S_(o) Measured Experimental C_(o) = 3000 copies Data Ratio using X = 2 Microarray Data Ratio 0.01 0.01 0.1 5,000 RFU/45,000 RFU) 0.1 0.25 0.5 (20,000 RFU/40,000 RFU) 1 1 1 (32,000 RFU/32,000 RFU) 10 5.3 2.3 (40,000 RFU/15,000 RFU)

In general, the function (X) relates original DNA Copy Number Ratio (C_(o)/C_(o)) to the Experimental Microarray Data Ratio (S_(n)/S_(o)) generated from the microarray hybridization RFU signal data. Function (X) can have different functional forms depending on details of the PCR reaction and microarray hybridization. However, it was determined that, if (1) All microbial DNA PCR reactions use the same pair of PCR primers as the internal reference standard; and (2) All hybridization probes applied to the microarray surface have the same affinity for their cognate DNA sequence produced by the PCR reactions; and (3) All PCR products are labeled with the same fluorescent dye for optical detection; then, X will approach a constant, which in the data presented in FIG. 19A assumes a value close to 2. Under these conditions Equation #1 may be simplified as C _(n) =C _(o)(S _(n) /S _(n))²  Equation #2 where

C_(n)=The number of microbial DNA copies present in the original sample.

C_(o)=Is adjusted by adding a known number of synthetic DNA standard copies to the original sample.

X=2 as estimated from experimental data, as in FIG. 19A

P=1 as determined by experiment, as in FIG. 19A

For FIG. 19A, the synthetic DNA reference standard copy number (C_(o)) was intentionally held at 3,000 but may be set at any other value including but not limited to 100, 500, 3,000 and 5,000 depending on the range of unknown microbial copies which might be encountered.

In a specific implementation of the present invention for microbial testing in food or Cannabis or other plant matter or for water testing, State or Federal Regulations might require a specific minimum allowable value for microbial contamination. Based on that regulated value and knowledge of the number of rDNA or ITS-2 DNA copies per microbial genome, the adjustable standard copy number value C_(o) added to the original sample before the PCR and Microarray hybridization steps can be seen as having value as a way to “dial” regulatory standards directly into the PCR-Microarray assay. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for identifying plant DNA, comprising the steps of: a) obtaining a plant tissue sample; b) isolating total nucleic acids comprising DNA and non-DNA nucleic acids from the plant tissue sample; c) amplifying, in a first amplification in a single assay, the plant tissue DNA in the total nucleic acids using at least one first primer pair selective for at least one plant-specific DNA to generate one or more plant-specific first amplicons; d) amplifying, in a second amplification using the one or more plant-specific first amplicons as a template and at least one first fluorescent labeled second primer pair to generate first fluorescent labeled second amplicons; e) hybridizing the first fluorescent labeled second amplicons with nucleic acid probes specific for signature sequence determinants in the plant DNA, said nucleic acid probes immobilized at specific known positions on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray via second fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers; f) washing the 3-dimensional lattice microarray at least once; g) imaging the 3-dimensional lattice microarray to detect a first fluorescent signal corresponding to the first fluorescent labeled second amplicons and a second fluorescent signal corresponding to the nucleic acid probes immobilized at the specific known positions on the 3-dimensional lattice microarray via the second fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers; h) superimposing the first fluorescent signal with the second fluorescent signal to obtain a superimposed signal image; and i) comparing the sequence of the nucleic acid probe at one or more superimposed signal positions on the 3-dimensional lattice microarray with a database of signature sequence determinants for a plurality of plant DNA, thereby identifying the plant in the plant tissue sample.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is a Humulus or a Cannabis.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is Cannabis, said first primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 17 and 18 and said first fluorescent labeled second primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 35 and
 36. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is Cannabis, said nucleic acid probes comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 126-128.
 5. A method for simultaneously identifying a pathogen and a plant in a single assay comprising the steps of: a) obtaining a plant tissue sample comprising one or more pathogens b) isolating total nucleic acids comprising DNA and non-DNA nucleic acids from the plant tissue and the pathogens in the plant tissue sample; c) amplifying, in a first amplification in a single assay, the pathogen DNA and the plant DNA in the total nucleic acids using at least one first primer pair selective for at least one pathogen-specific DNA and at least one second primer pair selective for at least one plant-specific DNA to generate one or more pathogen-specific first amplicons and one or more plant-specific second amplicons; d) amplifying, in a second amplification, using the one or more pathogen-specific first amplicons and the one or more plant-specific second amplicons as templates and at least one first fluorescent labeled third primer pair and at least one second fluorescent labeled fourth primer pair to generate pathogen-specific first fluorescent labeled third amplicons and plant-specific second fluorescent labeled fourth amplicons; e) hybridizing the pathogen-specific first fluorescent labeled third amplicons and the plant-specific second fluorescent labeled fourth amplicons with nucleic acid probes specific for signature sequence determinants in the pathogen DNA and in the plant DNA, respectively, said nucleic acid probes immobilized at specific known positions on a 3-dimensional lattice microarray via a third fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers; f) washing the 3-dimensional lattice microarray at least once; g) imaging the 3-dimensional lattice microarray to detect a first fluorescent signal corresponding to the pathogen-specific first fluorescent labeled third amplicons, a second fluorescent signal corresponding to the plant-specific second fluorescent labeled fourth amplicons and a third fluorescent signal corresponding to the nucleic acid probes immobilized at the specific known positions on the 3-dimensional lattice microarray via the third fluorescent labeled bifunctional polymer linkers; h) superimposing each of the first fluorescent signals and each of the second fluorescent signals with the third fluorescent signals; and i) comparing the sequence of the nucleic acid probe at one or more superimposed signal positions on the microarray with a database of signature sequence determinants for a plurality of pathogen DNA and a plurality of plant DNA, thereby identifying the at least one pathogen and the at least one plant in the plant tissue sample.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a human pathogen, an animal pathogen or a plant pathogen or a combination thereof.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the pathogen is a bacterium, a fungus, a virus, a yeast, an algae or a protozoan, or a combination thereof.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a bacterium, said first primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2, or SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4, or SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6, or SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8, or SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10, or SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12, or SEQ ID NOS: 137 and
 138. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a bacterium, said first fluorescent labeled third primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 19 and 20, or SEQ ID NOS: 21 and 22, or SEQ ID NOS: 23 and 24, or SEQ ID NOS: 25 and 26, or SEQ ID NOS: 27 and 28, or SEQ ID NOS: 29 and 30, or SEQ ID NOS: 141 and
 30. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a bacterium, said nucleic acid probes comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 37-85.
 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a fungus, said first primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 14, or SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 16, or SEQ ID NOS: 135 and
 136. 12. The method of claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a fungus, said first fluorescent labeled third primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 31 and 32, or SEQ ID NOS: 33 and 34, or SEQ ID NOS: 139 and
 140. 13. The method of claim 5, wherein the pathogen is a fungus, said nucleic acid probes comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 86-125.
 14. The method of claim 5, wherein the plant is a Humulus or a Cannabis.
 15. The method of claim 5, wherein the plant is Cannabis, said second primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 17 and
 18. 16. The method of claim 5, wherein the plant is Cannabis, said second fluorescent labeled fourth primer pair comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 35 and
 36. 17. The method of claim 5, wherein the plant is Cannabis, the nucleic acid probes comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 126-128. 